20 Mienzaniso yeCarbohydrate (uye nebasa rayo) - Encyclopedia

Vhidhiyo: Garden trimmer won’t start (diagnosis and repair)

Zvemukati

Mienzaniso yemakabohydrate uye basa rayo

Iyo makabhohaidhiretsi, inozivikanwa se makabhohaidhiretsi kana makabhohaidhiretsi, ndiwo akakosha biomolecule ekupa simba kuzvinhu zvipenyu nenzira yekukurumidza uye yakaumbwa, ndosaka varipo mune chimiro chemiti, mhuka uye howa.

Iyo makabhohaidhiretsi zvakagadzirwa kusanganiswa kweatomu Carbon, Hydrogen uye Oxygen, yakarongedzwa muketani yekabhoni uye akasiyana akasunganidzwa anoshanda mapoka, senge carbonyl kana hydroxyl.

Saka izwi racho "Makabhohaidhiretsi" haina kunyatsoitika, nekuti hausi mubvunzo wemamolekoroni ehydrate, asi kuti inoramba iri nekuda kwekukosha kwayo mukuwanikwa kwezvakaitika mhando yemakemikari makemikari. Inogona kunzi kazhinji shuga, masacarides, kana makabhohaidhiretsi.

Iyo mamorekuru zvisungo zvehydrohydrate vane simba uye vane simba kwazvo (re covalent mhando), Ndicho chikonzero nei vachiumba chimiro chesimba rekuchengetedza par kugona mune kemesitiri yehupenyu, vachiumba chikamu cheakakura mabiomolecule akadai protein kana lipids. Saizvozvowo, mamwe acho anoumba chikamu chakakosha chemuti masero maseru uye cuticle yeArthropods.

Onawo: 50 Mienzaniso yeMacarhydrate

Carbohydrate yakakamurwa kuva:

Monosaccharides. Yakagadzirwa neimwe molecule yeshuga.
Kuburitsa. Yakagadzirwa nemamorekuru maviri eshuga pamwechete.
Oligosaccharides. Yakagadzirwa nematatu kusvika mapfumbamwe mamorekuru eshuga.
Polysaccharides. Yakareba shuga maketani ayo anosanganisira akawanda mamorekuru uye akakosha ehupenyu mapuroyamu akatsaurirwa kune chimiro kana simba rekuchengetedza.

Mienzaniso yemakabohydrate uye basa rayo

Glucose. Isomeric molekemu (yakapihwa zvinhu zvakafanana asi akasiyana masiyano) eifructose, ndiyo inonyanya kuwanda musikirwo, sezvo iri iyo sosi huru yesimba padanho remaseru (kuburikidza neayo catabolic oxidation).
Ribose. Imwe yemamorekuru akakosha ehupenyu, chikamu chezvinhu zvekuvakisa zvinhu zvakaita seATP (adenosine triphosphate) kana RNA (ribonucleic acid), yakakosha pakubereka kwesero.
Deoxyribose. Kutsiviwa kweboka rehydroxyl neatomu rehydrogen kunotendera ribose kushandurwa kuita deoxysugar, izvo zvakakosha kusanganisa ma nucleotide anoumba macheni emaketani eDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) uko kune ruzivo rwe generic rwehupenyu huripo.
Fructose. Ipo mune michero nemiriwo, iri hanzvadzi mamorekuru yeglucose, pamwe chete nayo yavanogadzira shuga yakajairika.
Glyceraldehyde. Ndiyo yekutanga monosaccharide shuga inowanikwa nephotosynthesis, panguva yayo yerima chikamu (Calvin kutenderera). Iyo inhanho yepakati munzira dzakawanda dzeshuga metabolism.
Galactose. Iyi shuga yakapusa inoshandurwa kuita glucose muropa, saka inoshanda senge simba rekufambisa. Pamwe chete neizvi, zvinoumbawo lactose mumukaka.
Glycogen. Insoluble mumvura, iri simba rinochengeterwa polysaccharide rakazara mumhasuru, uye padiki padiki muchiropa uye kunyangwe huropi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu esimba rinodiwa, muviri unounyungudutsa nehydrolysis muglucose nyowani kuti udye.
Lactose. Yakagadzirwa mubatanidzwa wegalactose uye glucose, ndiyo shuga yakakosha mumukaka uye zvekuvirisa zvemukaka (chizi, yogati).
Eritrosa. Ipo mune iyo photosynthetic maitiro, iripo mune zvakasikwa chete seD-erythrose. Iyo shuga yakanyungudika ine chitarisiko chine manyuchi.
Cellulose. Yakagadzirwa nemayuniti eglucose, ndiyo yakawanda kwazvo biopolymer mupasi, pamwe nechitini. Iyo tambo yemasero madziro ezvirimwa akagadzirwa nazvo, achivapa rutsigiro, uye ndicho chakasvibirira chepepa.
Starch. Kungofanana neglycogen inogadzira mhuka, starch inoitira iyo miriwo. Ndiyo macromolecule ye polysaccharides senge amylose uye amylopectin, uye ndiyo sosi yesimba inonyanya kudyiwa nevanhu mukudya kwavo kwese.

Chitin. Zvinoitwa neselulose mumasero emiti, chitin inoita mufungi uye arthropods, ichivapa simba rekuvaka (exoskeleton).
Fucosa: Monosaccharide iyo inoshanda sechibatiso checheni cheni uye yakakosha pakuumbwa kwefucoidin, polysaccharide yekushandisa pakurapa.
Ramnosa. Zita rayo rinobva pachirimwa icho chakatanga kuburitswa (Rhamnus fragula), chikamu che pectin nemamwe mapuroma emiti, pamwe nehutachiona senge mycobacteria.
Glucosamine. Ichishandiswa sechikafu chekuwedzera pakurapa rheumatic hosha, iyi amino-shuga ndiyo yakawanda kwazvo monosaccharide iripo, irimo mumasero masvingo efungi uye mumakomba eArthropods.
Saccharose. Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare seyakajairika shuga, inowanikwa zvakanyanya mune zvakasikwa (huchi, chibage, nzimbe, beet). Uye ndicho chinonyanya kutapira mukudya kwevanhu.
Stachyose. Kwete kunyatso kudyiwa nevanhu, iyo tetrasaccharide chigadzirwa chemubatanidzwa weglucose, galactose uye fructose, iripo mune yakawanda miriwo uye zvirimwa. Inogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinotapira chinotapira.
Cellobiose. Shuga yakapetwa kaviri (maviri maglucose) anoonekwa panguva yekurasikirwa nemvura kubva paselulose (hydrolysis). Haana kusununguka muchimiro.
Matosa. Malt shuga, inoumbwa nemaviri mamorekuru eglucose, ine simba rakanyanya kwazvo (uye glycemic) mutoro, uye inowanikwa kubva muzviyo zvebhari zvakamera, kana nehydrolysis yesitashi uye glycogen.
Psycho. Monosaccharide isingawanzo kuwanikwa, inogona kusarudzika kubva kune inorwisa mabhakitiriya psychofuranin.Inopa simba shoma pane sucrose (0.3%), ndosaka ichiongororwa sechinotsiva chikafu pakurapa chirwere cheglycemic uye lipid.