Zvemukati
Iyo shanduko iko kushandurwa kusingachinjiki, chiitiko chinoitika mune yakasikwa dzimwe mhuka. Tinozviona mune dzimwe mhuka dzakaita seshato, shavishavi nematatya.
Pfungwa iyi yakatorwa nezvisikwa zvetsika dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, ngano uye ngano dzetsika dziri kure seyakare yechiGreek uye pre-Columbian vanhu veAmerica, iyo inorondedzera kushandurwa kwevanhu kana vamwari kuita mhuka kana zvirimwa.
Kazhinji, mhuka dzinochinja shanduko uye hwepanyama panguva yekukura kwembryoniki. Asi chii chinoita kuti mhuka dzinotambura dzakasiyana shanduko, ndeyekuti izvi zvinoshanduka mushure mekuzvarwa.
Shanduko idzi dzakasiyana nedzinoitika nekuda kwekukura (shanduko muhukuru uye kuwedzera kwemasero), nekuti mune idzi, iyo shanduko inoitika padanho remaseru. Idzi shanduko dzakakomba mune iyo physiognomy kazhinji zvakare zvinoreva shanduko munzvimbo yekugara uye mukuzvibata kwemarudzi.
Iyo metamorphosis inogona kuve:
- Hemimetabolism: Iye munhu anoenda kuburikidza neshanduko dzinoverengeka kusvika ave mukuru. Mune imwe yematanho aya pane kusaita basa uye kupihwa kudya kunoramba kuripo. Mumatanho ekukura, vanhu vakaita sevanhu vakuru, kunze kwekushaikwa kwemapapiro, saizi, uye kusasimba pabonde. Iye wega wezvikamu zvevechidiki anonzi nymph.
- Holometabolism: Inodanwawo kunzi metamorphosis yakakwana. Uya munhu anochochonya kubva muzai akatosiyana nemukuru uye anonzi gwirikwiti. Kune padanho repupuru, inova nhanho umo isingadyi, uye kazhinji haifambi, yakavharirwa muchivharo chinochidzivirira panguva yekubatanidzwazve kwetukisi nenhengo.
Mienzaniso yekuchinja
Dhiraivhu (hemimetabolism)
Flying arthropods, iyo ine maviri maviri emapapiro akajeka. Dzinotsemukira kubva mazai anoiswa neechikadzi padyo nemvura kana munzvimbo yemumvura. Kana dzotsotswa kubva mumazai, mashato anenyoka, zvichireva kuti akafanana nevakuru asi aine zvidimbu zvidiki pane mapapiro, uye asina gonads akura (nhengo dzekubereka).
Dzinodya makonye emosquito uye dzinogara pasi pemvura. Vanofema nemumakonzo. Chikamu chemaruva chinogona kugara pakati pemwedzi miviri nemakore mashanu, zvinoenderana nerudzi. Kana metamorphosis ikaitika, iyo dragonfly inobuda mumvura uye inotanga kufema kubva mumhepo. Inorasikirwa neganda rayo, ichibvumira mapapiro kuti afambe. Inodya nhunzi nehumhutu.
Mwedzi jellyfish
Kana uchichekera kubva muzai, jellyfish mapuryps, ndiko kuti, madzinde ane mhete yetende. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekuunganidzwa kweprotein munguva yechando, polyps inoshanduka kuita hombe jellyfish muchirimo. Iyo yakaunganidzwa protein inokonzera kuvanzika kwehomoni inoita kuti jellyfish ive munhu mukuru.
Mhashu (hemimetabolism)
Icho chipembenene chine kanyanga kapfupi, chinomera. Mukuru ane makumbo eshure akasimba anoitendera kuti isvetuke. Nenzira imwecheteyo kumatan'a, kana achinge atsvaira mhashu inoshanduka kuita nymph, asi mune ino kesi vanoita kunge vanhu vakuru.
Butterfly (Holometabolism)
Kana yachechenya kubva muzai, shavishavi riri muchimiro chegonye, rinonzi gonye, uye rinodya zvinomera. Musoro wemakonye une kanyanga kadiki diki uye nhanhatu dzemaziso. Muromo haungoshandiswi kudyiwa chete asi zvakare kune matinji anoburitsa sirika, ayo anozoshandiswa kugadzira cocoko.
Mhando imwe neimwe ine nguva yakatarwa yedanho remaruva, inozo shandurwa nekupisa. Chikamu chepupu mubhururuvhuru chinonzi chrysalis. Iyo chrysalis inoramba isingachinjike, nepo iwo matissue achigadziriswa nekugadziriswazve patsva: iwo masilika esiriki anova maseru esvary, mukanwa unova proboscis, makumbo anokura, uye zvimwe zvakakosha shanduko.
Nyika ino inogara kwemavhiki matatu. Kana shavishavi ratove kuumbwa, iyo cuticle yechrysalis inova yakatetepa, kudzamara butterfly yapaza uye ichibuda. Iwe unofanirwa kumirira awa kana maviri kuti mapapiro ave akaomarara kuti abhururuke.
Nyuchi (Holometabolism)
Makonye enyuchi anochochonya kubva muzai chena rakareba uye anoramba ari muchitokisi makaiswa zai iri. Irwo jena zvakare jena uye mukati memazuva maviri ekutanga rinodya chikafu chehumambo nekuda kwevanamukoti nyuchi. Iyo inoenderera mberi ichidya pane chaiyo jelly, zvinoenderana nekuti ndeye mambokadzi nyuchi kana nyuchi inoshanda.
Sero kwarinowanikwa rakafukidzwa nezuva repfumbamwe mushure mekurumwa. Munguva yeprepaupa nemapupa, mukati mechitokisi, makumbo, kanyanga, mapapiro anotanga kuoneka, thorax, dumbu nemaziso zvinokura. Ruvara rwayo runochinja zvishoma nezvishoma kusvikira rwave munhu mukuru. Nguva inogara nyuchi musero iri pakati pemazuva masere (mambokadzi) nemazuva gumi nemashanu (drone). Musiyano uyu unokonzerwa nemusiyano wekudyisa.
Matatya
Matatya maamphibian, zvichireva kuti vanogara zvese pasi uye mumvura. Nekudaro, panguva yematanho anotungamira kusvika kumagumo esmamorphosis, vanogara mumvura. Makonye anochochonya kubva mumazai (akaiswa mumvura) anonzi tadpoles uye akafanana nehove. Vanoshambira uye vanofema vari pasi pemvura, sezvo vaine mhondi. Iwo tadpoles anowedzera muhukuru kusvika iyo nguva yemamorphosis yasvika.
Pakati payo, ma gill arasika uye chimiro cheganda chinoshanduka, zvichibvumira kufema kwakatemwa. Vanorasikirwawo muswe. Ivo vanowana mitezo mitsva nemitezo, senge makumbo (makumbo ekumashure kutanga, ipapo makumbo epamberi) uye madhizaizi e dermoid. Dehenya, iro rakagadzirwa necartilage, rinova bhonzo. Kana iyo metamorphosis yapera, iro datya rinogona kuenderera kushambira, asi rinogona zvakare kugara pasi, kunyangwe richigara riri munzvimbo dzine hunyoro.
