Mipiro yaAristotle

Zvemukati

• Mabasa aAristotle
• Mienzaniso yezvipo zvaAristotle

Aristotle weEstagira (384 BC-322 BC) aive muzivi weMasedhonia wevanhu vekare vechiGreek, vaifungidzirwa pakati pevanyori vekuMadokero uye vane mazano, akaunganidzwa mukati memazana mazana maviri ezvinyorwa izvo makumi matatu nemasere chete zvakachengetedzwa, zvakave nesimba nekukanganisa nhoroondo yedu yehungwaru. kweanopfuura makore zviuru zviviri.

Zvinyorwa zvake zvakabata nenhamba huru yezvido, kubva mukufunga, zvematongerwo enyika, maitiro, fizikisi, uye kutaura, kune vadetembi, nyeredzi, uye biology; nzvimbo dzezivo iyo yaakatora chinzvimbo chinoshandura, mune dzimwe nguva kunyange hwaro: ake akange ari ekutanga zvakarongeka zvidzidzo zvemafungiro uye biology munhoroondo.

Akanga ari mudzidzi wevamwe vanokosha vazivi vakaita saPlato naEudoxus, mukati memakore makumi maviri maakadzidziswa kuAcademy yeAthens, iro guta rimwe chete raaizowana Lyceum., nzvimbo yaaizodzidzisa kusvika pakudonha kwemudzidzi wake, Alexander weMasedhonia, anozivikanwa saAlexander Mukuru. Ipapo aizoenda kuguta reChalcis, kwaaizofira gore raitevera.

Nzira yaAristotle idombo repakona yesainzi uye huzivi, uye anowanzokudzwa mumisangano yepasi rese, zvinyorwa, uye zvinyorwa.

Mabasa aAristotle

Mabasa akanyorwa naAristotle akapona kwatiri ari makumi matatu nerimwe, kunyangwe kunyorwa kwemamwe acho parizvino kuri kupokana. Kudanwa Corpus aristotelicum (Mutumbi weAristotelian), zvisinei, unofundwa muchinyorwa chayo chePrussia naInmanuel Bekker, yakaburitswa pakati pa1831-1836 uye mazhinji emazita ayo achiripo muchiLatin.

• Kurapa kweMafungiro: Zvikamu (Chikamu), Kubva mukududzirwa (Nedudziro), Kutanga analytics (Analytica priora), Analytical masekondi (Dzokera AnalyticaMisoro ()Musoro), Kuramba kweSophistic (Na sophisticis elenchis).
• Fizikisi kurapa: Panyama (Physica, Kumusoro kwedenga (Ya caeloNezve chizvarwa nehuwori (Of generation et et corruptionione), Meteorology (Mamiriro ekunze, Zvese zvakasikwa (Zvepasi), Zve mweya (Na anima), Zvidiki Zvibvumirano paZvisikwa (Parva naturaliaZvekufema (Nemweya), Nhoroondo yemhuka (Animalium nhoroondo), Izvo zvikamu zvemhuka (Ne partibus animalium), Kufamba kwemhuka (Kubvamotu animaliumKufambira mberi kwemhuka (Ne incessu animalium), Chizvarwa chemhuka (By chizvarwa animaliumZvemavara (Ne coloribus), Zvezvinhu zvekuongorora (Ne audibilibus), Physiognomonic (Physiognomonica, Yezvirimwa (Na plantis), Yezvishamiso zvakanzwika (Na mirabilibus auscultationibus), Mechanics (Mechanica), Matambudziko (Dambudziko), Yemitsetse isingabatike (Ne lineis insecabilibus), Nzvimbo dzemhepo (Ventorum situs), Melisos, Xenophanes uye Gorgias (akapfupikiswa MXG).
• Kurapa pane metaphysics: Metaphysics (Metaphysica).
• Maitiro uye zvibvumirano zvemitemo: Maitiro eNicomachean (Ethica Nicomachea), Great morale (Magna moralia), Eudemic Ethics (Ethica Eudemia), Kabhuku pamusoro pezvakanaka uye zvakaipa (De ideutibus et vitiis libellusZvematongerwo enyika (Zvematongerwo enyika), Zvehupfumi (Oeconomics) uye Bumbiro revaAtene (Athenaion politea).
• Kurapa kwekutaura uye nhetembo: Rhetorical art (Rhetorica), Rhetoric kuna Alexander (Rhetorica ad Alexandrumuye nhetembo (Nhetembo ars).

Mienzaniso yezvipo zvaAristotle

1. Akavaka yake yega uzivi system. Akapokana nepfungwa dzemudzidzisi wake Plato, uyo nyika yaiumbwa nendege mbiri: dzinonzwisisika uye dzinonzwisisika, Aristotle akataura kuti nyika haina makamuri. Nekudaro, akatsoropodza iyo "dzidziso yemafomu" yemudzidzisi wake, uyo akataura kuti nyika yemafungiro ndiyo nyika yechokwadi uye kuti nyika inonzwisisika yaingova kuratidzwa kwayo. Kuna Aristotle, zvinhu zvinoumbwa nenyaya uye chimiro, zvisingaite pamwe chete muchimiro chechokwadi, uye chokwadi chavo chinogona kungosvitswa zvine simba, ndiko kuti, kuburikidza neruzivo.

1. Ndiye baba wekutanga wekunzwisisa. Maitiro ekutanga ekutsvaga pamusoro pemisimboti yechokwadi kana kusakosha kwekufunga kunoitwa kunzi kune uyu muzivi wechiGiriki, kuburikidza nekuvakwa kwechikamu che syllogism (kubvisa). Mumashoko ake, iyi "kutaura (marogo) mairi, makamisikidzwa zvimwe zvinhu, zvinoguma zvaitika kubva kwavari, pakuva zvavari, chimwe chinhu chakasiyana ”; ndiko kuti, mashandiro ekutora mhedzisiro kubva kune seti yenzvimbo. Sisitimu iyi yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kudzidza nzira yekufunga pachayo kubva kune huchokwadi kana kusagadzikana kwenzvimbo. Muenzaniso unoramba uchishanda kusvikira nhasi.

1. Akaisa chirevo chekusapokana. Mumwe mupiro wakakura kune pfungwa yaive chirevo chekusapokana, icho chinotaura kuti chirevo nekuramba kwacho hakugone kuve kwechokwadi panguva imwechete uye nepfungwa imwechete. Nekudaro, chero kufunga kunoreva kupesana kunogona kutorwa senge nhema. Aristotle akapawo nhamburiko dzake pakudzidza zvenhema (kufunga zvisina tsarukano), kwaakaratidza nekuisa mhando gumi nenhatu huru.

1. Akakumbira kupatsanurwa kweuzivi. Munguva idzodzo, uzivi hwainzwisiswa se "kudzidza chokwadi", saka chinhu chayo chaifarira chaive chakapamhamha. Aristotle pachinzvimbo akataura zano rakateedzana rakateerana naro: kufunga, kwaakafunga sekuraira kwekugadzirira; dzidziso dzidziso, yakaumbwa nefizikisi, masvomhu uye metaphysics; uye uzivi hunoshanda, hwaisanganisira hunhu nezvematongerwo enyika.

1. Akaronga tsika dzakanaka. Aristotle akadzivirira sezvakakosha kunaka kwemweya, ndiko kuti, izvo zvine chekuita nechikonzero chevanhu, icho kwaari chakakamurwa kuita mbiri: njere uye kuda. Kuburikidza navo, munhu aigona kudzora chikamu chake chisina musoro. Aya mirau yaizoshandira rwizi rwakazara rwezvikoro zvehunyanzvi zvaizouya, izvo kupatsanurwa kwemunhu pakati pechinhu chisina musoro uye chisina musoro chaizove chimiro mune dzimwe nzira, senge kupatsanurwa kwechiKristu pakati pemweya usingafe nemuviri unofa.

1. Akafumura dzekare dzidziso yemafomu ehurumende. Iyi dzidziso yakatorwa zvisina kushandurwa mumazana emakore apfuura uye inotsigira yakawanda yedu yazvino masisitimu ezvematongerwo enyika. Aristotle akaronga mafomu matanhatu ehurumende, akasarudzwa zvichienderana nekuti vakatsvaga zvakanaka kana huwandu hwevatongi varipo, vanoti:

• Hurumende dzinotsvaga zvakajairika:
  • Kana munhu mumwechete achitonga: Monarchy
  • Kana mashoma akatonga: Aristocracy
  • Kana vazhinji vachitonga: Democracy
• Hurumende yakadzikiswa kubva kwavari:
  • Kana munhu mumwe akatonga: Udzvanyiriri
  • Kana vashoma vachitonga: Oligarchy
  • Kana vazhinji vakatonga: Demagoguery

Ichi chinyorwa cheAristotelian uye yakawanda mienzaniso yakashandira vezvakaitika kare kuvaka zvakare yakawanda yenzanga yechiGreek yenguva iyoyo.

1. Akakumbira geocentric nyeredzi yemhando. Iyi modhi yaifunga yepasi sechinhu chakamisikidzwa (kunyangwe yakatenderera) iyo nyeredzi dzaitenderera mune yakatenderera. Iyi modhi yakaramba ichishanda mukati memazana emakore, kudzamara Nicolás Copernicus muzana ramakore regumi nematanhatu akaunza modhi iyo yaikonzera Zuva kunge musimboti wepasi rose.

1. Akagadzira dzidziso yepanyama yezvinhu zvina. Dzidziso yake yemuviri yaive pamusoro pekuvapo kwezvinhu zvina zvekutanga: mvura, pasi, mhepo, moto uye ether. Kune mumwe neumwe waakapa kufamba kwechisikigo, ndiko kuti: maviri ekutanga akatamira akananga pakati pechadenga, maviri akatevera akatama achibva paari, uye ether yaitenderera ichiti nzvimbo. Iyi dzidziso yakaramba ichishanda kusvikira Shanduko yeSainzi yezana ramakore rechi16 nerechi17.

1. Akaisa dzidziso yekuzvarwa kwechizvarwa. Yakakwaniswa naJan Van Helmont muzana ramakore regumi nemanomwe uye pakupedzisira ichirambwa nezvidzidzo zvaLouis Pasteur, iyi dzidziso yekuonekwa kwehupenyu kwakaronga kugadzirwa kwehupenyu kubva pamumvuri, dova kana ziya, nekuda kwesimba rinogadzira hupenyu kubva kuchinhu, icho akabhabhatidza sa entelechy.

1. Yakaisa nheyo dzedzidziso dzidziso. Pakati peako Rhetoric neyake Nhetembo, Aristotle akadzidza zvimiro zvemitauro uye nhetembo dzekuteedzera, achikunda kufungira kwaPlato vadetembi (vaakadzinga kubva kwaari Republic ndichivanyora sevarevi venhema), nekudaro nekuisa hwaro hwekudzidza kwouzivi kweaesthetics uye hunyanzvi hwekunyora, hwaakakamura kuita mafomu matatu makuru:

• Epic Precursor yenyaya, ine muyananisi (murondedzeri) anoyeuka kana kurondedzera zviitiko uye nekudaro ari kure kwazvo nechokwadi chavo.
• Nhamo. Nekuburitsa zviitiko uye kuzviita kuti zviitike pamberi peveruzhinji, chimiro chekumiririra ndicho chakakwirira kwazvo kuna Aristotle uye icho chinoshandira magumo akanakisa epolis, nekuti inomiririra munhu zvirinani kupfuura zvaari, uye zvakare kudonha kwake.
• Comedy. Zvakafanana nedambudziko, asi vachimiririra varume zvakanyanya kupfuura zvavari. Iyo yekusekesa yekudzidza snippets mu Nhetembo Aristotle zvinosuruvarisa kurasikirwa.