Chinyorwa cheAuxiliary Sayenzi yeNhoroondo - Encyclopedia

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Zvemukati

Chinyorwa cheCs. Vabatsiri veNhoroondo

Iyoebetsero sainzi kana mabhenefiti ekuraira ndeaya ayo, pasina kugadzirisa zvizere nzvimbo yakati yekudzidza, akabatanidzwa pairi uye nekupa rubatsiro, nekuti kunyorera kwavo kunobatsira mukusimudzira kwenzvimbo yataurwa yekudzidza.

Iyo masayendisiti mazhinji anobatsira muNhoroondo zvine chekuita nematanho akasarudzika maanogona kufarira, senge Zvinyorwa, inzvimbo yakazvimiririra uye yakazvimirira yeruzivo, inosangana neNhoroondo inomutsa kuberekwa kweiyo Nhoroondo yeMabhuku: rinobata nguva uye rakanangana nebazi.

Rudzi urwu rwemusangano runotaura misoro yekufarira uye zvemukati zvakatariswa neNhoroondo, uye zvinogona kuzivikanwa nekuti vhura zvikamu zvitsva zvedzidzo yezvakaitika, izvo zvavanove chinhu chekudzidza.

Iyo imwe nyaya inogona kuitika inosvika kune ekuraira kwehupenyu husingaparadzanisike kubva kuNhoroondo seizvi, uye izvo ivo vanoteerera kunzira, kunzira dzokunzwisisa zvinyorwa kana yekusvika kune zvakaitika zviitiko kana kunyangwe nzira yekurekodha nekuchengetedza.. Iyi ndiyo nyaya yeChronology, semuenzaniso, ine chinangwa chekugadzirisa kurongeka kwezviitiko zvenguva pane imwe nguva.

Iyo yekupedzisira inogona kazhinji kutumidzwa se nhoroondo yesainzi.

Chinyorwa cheCs. Vabatsiri veNhoroondo

Chronology. Sezvatakambotaura, iko kupatsanurwa kweNhoroondo, yakanangana zvakanyanya nekugadziriswa kwenguva kwezviitiko. Zita rayo rinobva mukubatanidzwa kwemazwi echiGiriki Chronos (nguva) uye Zviratidzo (kunyora, kuziva).
Epigraphy. Sayenzi yekubatsira yenhoroondo uye zvakare yakazvimiririra nemasikirwo, inotarisa pazvinyorwa zvekare zvakagadzirwa mumatombo kana zvimwe zvinotsigira zvemuviri, kudzidza kuchengetedza kwavo, kuverenga uye kududzira. Mune izvi, zvakare yakabatana nemamwe masainzi senge palaeography, archeology kana numismatics.
Numismatics. Zvichida chembere pane zvesainzi rekubatsira munhoroondo (akazvarwa muzana ramakore re19th), inongofarira chete kudzidza uye kuunganidzwa kwemari nemari yemabhangi yakaburitswa zviri pamutemo nerudzi rupi zvarwo munyika panguva yakati. Ichi chidzidzo chinogona kuve chedzidziso uye chepfungwa (dzidziso) kana nhoroondo (inotsanangura).
Paleography. Sayenzi yekubatsira iri mukutarisira kwekutsoropodza uye kwakarongeka kudzidza zvinyorwa zvekare: kuchengetedzwa, kududzirwa, kududzirwa uye kufambiswa kwemagwaro akanyorwa mune chero svikiro uye kubva mutsika dzemadzitateguru. Iyo inowanzo kuwanikwa mukubatana padhuze neIvo Sayenzi, senge Raibhurari Sayenzi.
Heraldry. Rubatsiro rwekubatsira kwenhoroondo iyo inonyatsorondedzera uye inoongorora zvakajairika zvimiriri uye zvinomiririrwa nejasi remaoko, kazhinji kwazvo mumhuri dzedzinza munguva yakapfuura.
Codicology. Kuranga kunotarisisa kudzidza kwaro pamabhuku ekare, asi kunzwisiswa sezvinhu: kwete zvakanyanya zvirimo senzira yekuzvigadzira, shanduko yavo munhoroondo, nezvimwewo, kutarisisa zvakanyanya mafaera, macodices, mapepa uye dzimwe nzira dzekutsigira ruzivo kare.
Mumiriri. Iyi nhoroondo yesainzi inoisa pfungwa dzayo kumagwaro, chero angave munyori wavo, achitarisira zvinhu zvemukati zvekunyora: rutsigiro, mutauro, maitiro uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinobvumidza mhedziso kutorwa nezvechokwadi chavo uye nekutendera kududzirwa kwavo kwakarurama.
Sigillography. Nhoroondo yesainzi yakatsaurirwa kumatampampu anoshandiswa kuratidza tsamba nemagwaro ehurumende yakatarwa: mutauro wavo chaiwo, mamiriro avo ekusika uye nhoroondo yavo yekushanduka.
Nhoroondo. Kazhinji inofungidzirwa meta-nhoroondo, ndiko kuti, Nhoroondo yeNhoroondo, iri chirango chinotsvaga nzira iyo iyo yepamutemo (yakanyorwa) nhoroondo yemarudzi yakavakwa uye nenzira iyo yaichengetwa mumagwaro kana mune zvinyorwa zvechimwe chimiro. .
Art. Kudzidza kwounyanzvi kuzvidzora kwakazvimiririra, uko kunotarisa kufarira kwaro pamhando dzakasiyana dzekuratidzwa kwounyanzvi muvanhu uye kuyedza kupindura mubvunzo usingagumi wekuti chii. Nekudaro, kana zvabatanidzwa nenhoroondo ivo vanogadzira iyo Nhoroondo yeArt, iyo inongofungisisa hunyanzvi mukufamba kwenguva: mafomu ekutanga ayo aive nawo, shanduko yayo uye nzira yayo yekuratidza kufamba kwenguva, nezvimwe.
Mabhuku. Sezvatakamboona, zvinyorwa uye nhoroondo zvinogona kubatana kuti zviunze iyo Nhoroondo yeZvinyorwa, chimiro cheArt Nhoroondo chakanyanya kutarisana nechinhu chayo chekudzidza, sezvo ichitarisa pane nhoroondo yekushanduka kwemabhuku kubva pamafomu ekutanga engano kune izvi. zuva.
Rudyi. Semumatambudziko maviri apfuura, kubatana pakati peNhoroondo neMutemo kunogadzira bazi rezvidzidzo zvekare rinotenderera chinangwa charo kudzidza munzira idzo vanhu vanoziva kudzika mutemo nekutonga, kubvira panguva dzekare (kunyanya nguva dzevaRoma, chakakosha kukosha kwekunzwisisa kwedu kweruramisiro) kune chazvino.
Archeology. Pamutemo Archaeology kudzidza kwemasara ekare eakanyangarika nzanga dzevanhu, mukufarira kuvakwazve kwehupenyu hwemadzitateguru. Izvi zvinoita kuti chinhu chako chekufarira chiwedzere, sezvo chingave mabhuku, mafomu eumwari, matongo, maturusi, nezvimwe, pamwe nenzira dzekudzoreredza. Mupfungwa iyi, sainzi yakazvimiririra iyo kuvapo kwayo kunenge kusingakwanisike pasina Nhoroondo uye iyo, panguva imwechete, inopa humbowo hwakakosha maererano nezvairi dzidziso.
Linguistics. Iyi sainzi, inofarira mitauro yemunhu, ndiko kuti, mumasisitimu akasiyana ezviratidzo anowanikwa pakutaurirana kwavo, anokwanisa kubatana nenhoroondo kuita Historical Linguistics kana Diachronic Linguistics: kudzidza kweshanduko munguva yenzira dze kutaurirana nemitauro uye mitauro yakasiyana yakagadzirwa nemunhu.
Stratigraphy. Uku kuranga ibazi re geology, iro rinechinhu chinonakidza chinogadzirwa nehurongwa hwegneous, metamorphic uye sedimentary matombo muvhu, inoonekwa mune yekucheka kwetectonic. Nekushandira pamwe neNhoroondo, anozvara maturakiti ekuchera matongo, ayo anoshandisa ruzivo urwu nezvematombo uye zvidimbu kusimudzira nhoroondo yekuumbwa kwepasi.
Mepu. Bazi rejogirafi, rinofarira nzira dzekumiririra nzvimbo yepasi, ndiko kuti, kujekeswa kwemamepu uye maatlasi kana mapuraneti, anogona kushanda pamwe nenhoroondo kuti vagadzire iyo Nhoroondo yeCartography: kuraira kwakasanganiswa kunotsvaga kunzwisisa nhoroondo yeramangwana murume kubva munzira yaakamiririra nyika pamamepu ake.
Ethnography. Ethnography ndeye, kutaura zvakafara, kudzidza uye kurondedzerwa kwevanhu netsika dzavo, ndosaka vazhinji vachizviona sebazi rezvemagariro kana tsika anthropology. Chokwadi ndechekuti inopa ruzivo rwakawanda kuHistory, sezvo chimwe chezvishandiso chinonyanya kushandiswa nevanyori vezve ethnographer iri Hupenyu Hupenyu, mune vanhu vanobvunzurudzwa uye rwendo rwavo rwehupenyu rwunoshandiswa senzira yekutsika kune yavo.
Paleontology. Paleontology ndiyo sainzi inodzidza zvisaririra zvezvinhu zvakasikwa zvaigara pasi redu munguva dzakapfuura, mukuyedza kunzwisisa mararamiro avaiita uye kunzwisisa zvirinani hupenyu hwenyika. Mune izvi ivo vari padyo kwazvo nenhoroondo, nekuti ivo vanotaura nezvenguva pamberi pekuonekwa kwemunhu, vachipa vanyori venhoroondo mukana wekufunga nhoroondo pamberi peNhoroondo.
Upfumi. Sezvo sainzi yemagariro iyi ichidzidza nzira idzo munhu anoshandura hunhu kuti abatsirwe, ndiko kuti, nzira dzekugadzira zvinhu nemasevhisi uye kugutsa zvishuwo zvevanhu nazvo, kubatana kwayo nenhoroondo kunovhura bazi rose rekudzidza: Nhoroondo ye Ehupfumi, inoongorora shanduko idzo nzanga dzaita munyaya dzehupfumi kubva patakatanga.
Uzivi. Sayenzi yesainzi ese, Philosophy, inofanirwa kunge iri sainzi inobatikana nepfungwa pachayo. Mukubatana nenhoroondo, ivo vanogona kupa kusimuka kune iyo Nhoroondo yekufunga, kudzidza kweshanduko munzira yekufunga nezvako uye nezvese zvemunhu kubva kunguva dzekare kusvika nhasi.