Natural uye Artificial ecosystems

Zvemukati

• Natural uye Chakagadzirwa
• Mhando dzezvisikwa zvipenyu
• Mienzaniso yezvisikwa zvipenyu
• Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvakasikwa

Iyo ecosystems iwo masisitimu ezvisikwa zvipenyu munzvimbo yakapihwa.

Zvinosanganisira:

• Biocenosis: Inonziwo nharaunda biotic. Iyo seti yezvisikwa (zvipenyuiyo inogara munzvimbo imwechete yemamiriro ezvinhu akaenzana. Inosanganisira akasiyana marudzi ezvese zviri zviviri maruva nemhuka.
• Biotope: Iyo inzvimbo yakasarudzika umo mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza akaenzana. Iyo inzvimbo yakakosha yeiyo biocenosis.

Ose ecosystem akaomesesa nekuti inosanganisira dandemutande rehukama pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzezvipenyu pamwe neizvo zvipenyu zvine abiotic zvinhu, senge mwenje, mhepo kana inert zvikamu zvevhu.

Natural uye Chakagadzirwa

• Zvisikwa zvakasikwa: Ndidzo dzinokura pasina kupindira kwevanhu. Ivo vakasiyana zvakasiyana pane zvekunyepedzera uye vakaiswa zvakanyanya.
• Chakagadzirwa ecosystems: Izvo zvakasikwa nemaitiro emunhu uye hazvina kumbovapo zvisikwa.

Mhando dzezvisikwa zvipenyu

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

• Marine: Yakanga iri imwe yemagariro ekutanga, sezvo hupenyu hwepasi redu hwakamuka mugungwa. Iyo yakagadzikana kupfuura emvura yakachena kana yepasi rese ecosystem, nekuda kwekunonoka tembiricha misiyano. Unogona kuva:
  • Photic: Kana gungwa ecosystem ikawana mwenje wakaringana, inogona kuve nemiti inokwanisa photosynthesis, iyo inokanganisa zvese zvakasikwa, nekuti ndizvo zvipenyu zvinokwanisa kugadzira organic organic kubva kune zvisirizvo zvinhu. Mune mamwe mazwi, ivo vanotanga iyo cheni yezvokudya. Iwo ndiwo mamiriro ezvinhu emahombekombe, matombo ekorari, miromo yemvura, nezvimwe.
  • Aphotic: Iko hakuna kukwana kwakaringana kwe photosynthesis, saka izvi zvipenyu zvinoshaya zvinomera zve photosynthetic. Kune oxygen shoma, tembiricha yakaderera uye kumanikidza kukuru.Aya ecosystems anowanikwa mugungwa rakadzika, munzvimbo dzeabyssal, mugoronga regungwa uye mazhinji egungwa.
• Mvura inotapira: Ndidzo nzizi nenyanza.
  • Lotic: Nzizi, hova kana zvitubu. Ivo vese ndeavo mvura inogadzira unidirectional yazvino, ichiratidza mamiriro ekuenderera kweshanduko yemuviri uye akasiyana siyana enzvimbo-diki dzekugara (nzvimbo dzine mamiriro akasiyana).
  • Lentic: Lagos, lagons, nzizi nenzizi. Iwo mitumbi yemvura ipo pasina chinogara chiripo.

NZIRA DZOKUDZIDZA

Avo uko biocenosis inokura muvhu kana pasi pevhu. Hunhu hwemagariro aya anoenderana nehunyoro, tembiricha, kukwirira (kureba zvine chekuita negungwa) uye latitude (padyo neEquator).

• Matanda: Sanganisira masango anogara achinaya, masango akaoma, masango akadzikama, masango ane hura, nemasango ari munzvimbo dzinopisa.
• Makwenzi: Vane shrubby zvirimwa. Vanogona kunge vari shrub, xerophilous kana moorland.
• Grasslands: Iko kune mahebhu ane hukuru hwekuvapo kupfuura shrub nemiti. Iyo inogona kuve mapurazi, savanna kana masango.
• Tundra: Iko kunowanikwa moss, lichen, herbs uye madiki shrub anowanikwa mune akawanda manhamba. Ivo vane chando pasi pevhu.
• Gwenga: Inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzinopisa kana dzinopisa, asi zvakare mumachando echando.

HYBRID ECOSYSTEMS

Idzo ndidzo idzo, dzichizara mafashama, dzinogona kutariswa sedunhu repasi kana hwemumvura.

Mienzaniso yezvisikwa zvipenyu

1. Stream (yemumvura, inotapira, yakanyorova): Rukova rwemvura inoyerera ichienderera asi iine kuyerera kwakadzika kupfuura rwizi, ndosaka ichigona kutsakatika mumatanda akaoma. Hazviwanzo kufamba nechikepe, kunze kweavo vane nzvimbo yakadzika uye kuyerera kwakanyanya. Asi chero zvakadaro, zvikepe zvidiki chete, senge magwa kana kukwasva, ndidzo dzinogona kushandiswa. Hova dzine nzvimbo dzinodaidzwa kuti mazambuko asina kudzika zvekuti anogona kuyambuka netsoka. Mavari munogona kurarama hove diki, crustaceans uye huwandu hwezvipembenene uye amphibians. Miti yacho inonyanya kuve nemvura yakachena algae.
2. Dondo rakaoma (terrestrial, sango): inonziwo xerophilous, hiemisilva kana sango rakaoma. Iyo matanda ecosystem yepakati density. Mwaka wemvura mupfupi pane mwaka wakaoma, saka zvipenyu zvishoma zvinoenderana nekuwanika kwemvura zvinokura, semiti inodonha (inorasikirwa nemashizha uye nekudaro hairase mwando wakawanda). Ivo vanowanzo kuwanikwa pakati pemasango emvura uye magwenga kana machira. Kupisa kwayo kunodziya mukati megore. Tsoko, mhembwe, katsi, shiri dzakasiyana siyana nemakonzo anogara mumasango aya.
3. Gwenga rejecha (nyika yerenje): Ivhu rinonyanya kuve jecha, rinoumba mirwi nekuita kwemhepo. Yakananga mienzaniso ndeiyi:

a) Kalahari Desert: Kunyangwe iri renje, inozivikanwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzemhuka, kusanganisira makonzo, antelopes, twiza neshumba.
b) Gwenga reSahara: Gwenga rinodziya kwazvo. Iyo ine anopfuura anopfuura mamirioni mapfumbamwe emakiromita emakiromita epasi (nzvimbo yakafanana neiyo yeChina kana United States), inofukidza mazhinji eNorth Africa.

1. Dombo renje (nyika yerenje): Ivhu rayo rakagadzirwa nematombo nematombo. Inonziwo Hamada. Kune jecha asi harigadzike mirwi, nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hushoma. Muenzaniso igwenga reDraa, kumaodzanyemba kweMorocco.
2. Polar renje (nyika yerenje): Ivhu rakagadzirwa nechando. Mvura inoshomeka uye mvura ine munyu, saka mhuka (senge polar bere) dzinofanirwa kuwana zvinwiwa zvinodiwa kubva kumhuka chaidzo dzavanodya. Iwo tembiricha ari pazasi zero zero madhigirii. Rudzi urwu rwegwenga runonzi indlandsis.
3. Pasi pegungwa (aphotic marine): Iri munzvimbo inonzi "hadal", iri pazasi peabyssal zone, ndiko kuti, ndiyo yakadzika kwazvo mugungwa: anopfuura mamita zviuru zvitanhatu. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwechiedza uye kwakanyanya kumanikidza, zvinovaka muviri zviripo zvishoma. Aya ecosystems haana kuongororwa zvakakwana, saka anongovapo chete fungidziro isina kusimbiswa pavagari vayo. Inofungidzirwa kuti vanopona nekuda kwechando chegungwa, chinova chinhu chakasikwa chinowira muchimiro chezvimedu kubva pazvikamu zvepamusoro pegungwa kusvika pasi.

Great Sandy Desert: Inowanikwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweAustralia. Pakati pemhuka dzayo pane ngamera, dingoes, goannas, madzvinyu uye shiri.

1. Marsh (hybrid): Inoita mukushushikana muvhu riri pamuganhu wegungwa. Kazhinji izvi kuora mwoyo Iyo inoumbwa nekufamba kwerwizi, ndosaka musanganiswa wemvura nyoro uye munyu munzvimbo iyi. Iyo nzvimbo nyorova, ndiko kuti, nzvimbo yenyika iyo inowanzo kana mafashama zvachose. Ivhu racho rakasikwa rakasangana nevhu, ivhu uye jecha. Izvo chete zvirimwa zvinokwanisa kukura mune ino ecosystem ndeiya inogona kumira kumisidzana yemunyu mumvura padhuze ne10%. Kune rimwe divi, mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva zvisikwa zvidiki senge benthos, nekton uye plankton kune mamollusks, crustaceans, hove netsuro.
2. Continental chikuva (photic marine): Iyo biotope yeiyi ecosystem ndiyo neritic zone, ndiko kuti, nzvimbo yegungwa iri padyo nemahombekombe asi isina hukama hwakanangana nayo. Inotariswa kubva pamamita gumi kudzika kusvika pamamita mazana maviri. Iyo tembiricha inoramba yakagadzikana mune ino ecosystem. Nekuda kwekuwanda kwayo kwemhuka, ndiyo nzvimbo inosarudzika yekuredza. Miti yacho yakawandawo uye yakasiyana-siyana nekuti mwenje wezuva unosvika nesimba rakaringana kubvumira photosynthesis.
3. Tropical meadow (terrestrial, grassland): Hunhu hukuru huswa, tsanga nehuswa. Mune yega yega meadows mune zvinopfuura mazana maviri marudzi ehuswa. Nekudaro, chinonyanya kuitika ndechekuti chete maviri kana matatu marudzi ndiwo akakurisa. Pakati pemhuka pane dzinodya mhuka dzinodya mhuka dzinodyiwa neshiri.
4. Siberian tundra (terrestrial tundra): Inowanikwa kumahombekombe ekuchamhembe kweRussia, kuWestern Siberia, kumahombekombe eArctic Ocean. Nekuda kwekushomeka kwezuva rinosvika panharaunda iyi, tundra ecosystem yakagadziriswa, iri pamuganhu we fir uye spruce sango.

Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvakasikwa

1. Reservoir: Paunenge uchivaka chirimwa chemagetsi emagetsi Dziva rekuisira (dhamu) rinowanzo gadzirwa nekuvhara mubhedha werwizi uye nekudaro uchiita kuti ufashukire. Izvo zvisati zvavapo ecosystems zvakashandurwa zvakanyanya sezvo neepasirese ecosystems ivo vanove emvura ecosystems kana akazara zvachose uye chikamu cheiyo lotic ecosystem ye rwizi inova lentic ecosystem.
2. Mapurazi: Biotope yaro ivhu rakaorera. Iyi iecosystem yakagadzirwa nemunhu kwemakore mapfumbamwe ezviuru. Kune akasiyana siyana ecosystem, kwete chete zvichienderana neiyo Rudzi rwechirimwa asiwo nzira yekurima: ingava fetiraiza inoshandiswa kana kwete, kana agrochemicals achishandiswa, nezvimwe. Iwo anonzi ega mapindu eminda minda yezvirimwa isingashandise mishonga yekugadzira asi kuti igadzirise kuvapo kwezvipembenene kuburikidza nezvinhu zvakawanikwa kubva mumiti yacho. Kune rimwe divi, muminda yezvirimwa zvemaindasitiri, zvese zvipenyu zviripo zviri pasi pekutonga kwakanyanya, kuburikidza nemakemikari anodzivirira kukura kwechikamu chikuru chezviumbwa, kunze kweizvo zvinorimwa.
3. Vhura migodhi: Kana dhipoziti yechinhu chakakosha ikawanikwa mune imwe nharaunda, inogona kushandiswa kuburikidza ne opencast kuchera. Nepo fomu iyi yekuchera yakachipa kupfuura mamwe, inokanganisawo ecosystem zvakadzama, ichigadzira imwe yayo. Muriwo pamusoro pevhu unobviswa, pamwe neyakaenzana matombo. Zvirimwa hazvirarame mumigodhi iyi, asi zvipembenene uye huwandu hwehutachiona hunogona kuvapo. Nekuda kwekuchinja kungoitwa muvhu remigodhi, hapana dzimwe mhuka dzinogara.
4. Greenhouse: Iyo imwe yemhando yekukura kwezvakatipoteredza umo tembiricha nehunyoro zvakakwirira, zvichitora mukana wekusunganidzwa kwesimba rezuva munzvimbo yakatemwa. Iyi ecosystem, kusiyana neminda yezvirimwa, haina kukanganiswa nemhepo, mvura kana tembiricha shanduko, nekuti zvese izvi zvinhu (kufamba kwemhepo, hunyoro, tembiricha) zvinodzorwa nemunhu.
5. Mapindu: Izvo zvipenyu zvakafanana nenzvimbo dzehuswa, asi nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemiti nemhuka, nekuti maruva anosarudzwa nemunhu uye mhuka dzinowanzo sanganisira zvipembenene, makonzo madiki neshiri.
6. Hova: Izvo zvinogona kugadzirwa zvakagadzirwa kubva kune yakasikwa sosi (rwizi kana gungwa) kana chakagadzirwa (pumped mvura). Mugero unocherwa nechimiro chaunoda uye nekuona mutserendende munzira kwayo. Chiteshi chinogona kuvharwa nematombo kana hurungudo kuve nechokwadi chekuti kukukurwa kubva parukova rwemvura hakuchinje chimiro chakagadzirwa. Iyo ecosystem yeaya ekuyerera hova anotanga nehutachiona hunounzwa nemvura, huchiisa algae pazasi uye kumativi erwizi uye inokwezva zvipembenene. Kana iyo sosi iri yechisikigo, ichave iinewo mhuka (hove nemakustaceans) aigara mune ecosystem yekwatangira.
7. Nzvimbo yemaguta: Maguta nemaguta zvinoumba zvisikwa zvisati zvavapo vanhu vasati vaita. Aya ecosystems ndiwo akachinja zvakanyanya mumazana emakore apfuura, zvakanyanya kugadzirisa zvipenyu zvinogara mazviri, pamwe neabiootic zvinhu zvinofambidzana nazvo. Chinhu chega chakaramba chisina kuchinjika ndiko kukwirira kwevanhu, kunyangwe izvi zvave kuwedzera. Ivhu remadhorobha nemaguta rakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvekugadzira (iine huwandu hwakadzikira hwe "nzvimbo dzakasvibirira" nevhu rezvisikwa). Iyi ecosystem inotambanuka pamusoro pevhu kuenda mudenga nzvimbo uye zvakare pasi pevhu, ichiumba dzimba, matura, madhiraina masystem, nezvimwe. Tupukanana nekuda kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwakawanda mune ino ecosystem.

• Tevera na: Ecosystem Muenzaniso