Ferrous uye Isina-Ferrous Zvinhu

Zvemukati

• Ferrous zvinhu zvivakwa
• Mhando dzeferrous zvinhu
• Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvine feri
• Mienzaniso yezvisina-feri zvinhu

Paunenge uchitaura nezvazvo ferrous zvinhuuye isiri feri (kana ferric), zvinoreva simbi zvigadzirwa chete, zvinoenderana nekuvapo kana kusavapo kwesimbi sechimwe chezvinhu zvacho.

Kunze kwesimbi yakachena (mune ayo akasiyana mamakisi), simbi zhinji dzinoputika zvigadzirwa zvealloys kana musanganiswa wesimbi nezvimwe zvinhu, sekabhoni. Nepo isiri-simbi simbi inogona kuve yechinhu (inoumbwa neimwe chete atomic element) kana mamwe maalloys asina iron.

Ferrous zvinhu zvivakwa

Ferrous zvishandiso, chechina chakajairika mhando yesimbi muvhu, inoonekwa kubva kune isiri-feri zvinhu mukubatanidzwa kwavo kuramba, kusagadzikana, kuitisa kukuru kupisa nemagetsi, pamwe nemukana wekuvashandisazve kubva kune yavo foundry uye nyowani yekugadzira, asi pamusoro pezvose nekuda kwekukwirira kwayo kumasimba emagetsi (ferromagnetism).

Kutenda kune yekupedzisira, ferrous zvinhu zvinogona kupatsanurwa kubva kune isiri-ferrous mune matunhu amakanzuru kuburikidza nemagineti ekuparadzanisa maitiro.

Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti ivo vanonyanya kudiwa padanho remaindasitiri pasirese, inoita pakati pe1 ne2% yemarara emumba (kunyanya magaba echikafu), nekuda kwemutengo wayo wakadzikira uye kugona kwakanyanya kubatanidza nezvimwe simbi kuwana hunhu hutsva nekuvandudza zvivakwa zvavo.

Mhando dzeferrous zvinhu

Ese simbi simbi inokwana mune imwe yeaya matatu marudzi, zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvinovaumba:

• Dare rakachena nesimbi yakapfava. Iine yakaderera kwazvo huwandu hwekabhoni kana, kunyangwe isingawanzoitika, mune yekuchena mamiriro.
• Zvidhori. Iron maalloys uye zvimwe zvinhu (kunyanya kabhoni nesilicon), umo iyo yekupedzisira zvinhu haina kumbopfuura 2% yezviri mukati.
• Foundries. Nekuvapo kwekabhoni kana zvimwe zvinhu muchiyero chakakura kupfuura 2%.

Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvine feri

1. Dare rakachena. Ichi chinyorwa, chimwe chezvakanyanya kuwanda papasi, chi simbi sirivheri grey remagineti chinzvimbo, kuomarara kukuru uye kuwanda. Inoonekwa seyakachena kana ichibatanidzwa kuita 99.5% emaatomu echinhu chimwe chete uye, zvisinei, haina basa zvakanyanya, ikapihwa fragility (Iyo brittle), yayo yakanyunguduka poindi (1500 ° C) uye nekukurumidza oxidation pasi peyakajairika mamiriro.
2. Simbi inotapira. Zvakare inonzi simbi yakarukwaIyo ine yakaderera kwazvo kabhoni yezvinhu (haina kusvika 1%) uye ndeimwe yemhando dzakachena kwazvo dzekutengesa dzesimbi dziripo. Iyo inobatsira kune maalloys uye kugadzira, mushure mekupisa kune yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha uye kuigadzirira iyo tsvuku inopisa, sezvo inotonhora uye ichiomesa nekukurumidza zvakanyanya.
3. Carbon Simbi. Inozivikanwa sesimbi yekuvaka, ndeimwe yemidziyo mikuru yesimbi inogadzirwa muindasitiri yesimbi uye imwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa pasi rese. Iyo inogadzirwa kubva mumusanganiswa nekabhoni muzvikamu zvakasiyana: 0.25% mune simbi yakapfava, 0.35% mune semi-inotapira, 0.45% mune semi-yakaoma uye 0.55% mune yakaoma.
4. Nesilicon Simbi. Iyo inonziwo simbi yemagetsi, simbi yemagineti kana simbi yevanoshandura, iyo inotoburitsa pachena kuti ndeipi indasitiri inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, icho chigadzirwa chechigadzirwa chesimbi chine degree rakasiyana resilicon (kubva pa0 kusvika 6.5%), pamwe nemanganisi uye aruminiyamu (0.5%). Hukuru hwehunhu hwayo ndehwo hwekuve nemhando yepamusoro yemagetsi kuramba.
5. Simbi isina ngura. Iyi simbi alloy inozivikanwa kwazvo, ichipa kukwirira kwayo kurwisa uye kuita kweoksijeni (oxidation), Chigadzirwa chekugadzirwa kwayo kubva kuchromium (10 kusvika 12% mashoma) uye zvimwe simbi senge molybdenum uye nickel.
6. Kwakakurudzira simbi. Iri ndiro zita rakapihwa simbi yakafukidzwa nechuru chezinc, iyo, iri simbi isinganyatso kuvharika, inoidzivirira kubva mumhepo uye inononoka kudzora ngura yayo. Izvi zvinonyanya kubatsira mukugadzira pombi zvikamu uye mapombi ekushandisa.
7. Dhamasiko simbi. Kwakatangira iyi yakasarudzika mhando inofungidzirwa kuve iri kuMiddle East (iro guta reSyria reDhamasiko) pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi nemana negumi nenomwe, apo minondo yakaitwa yechinhu ichi yakataurwa zvakanyanya muEurope, nekuda kwekuoma kwavo kukuru uye "zvakapotsa nekusingaperi "kumucheto. Izvo zvichiri kukakavadzaniswa kuti chii chaizvo yaive nzira yakashandiswa kuiwana panguva iyoyo, kunyange hazvo nhasi yakadzokororwa kune akasiyana siyana mapanga nemidziyo yekucheka simbi.
8. Simbi "wootz". Iyi simbi inowanzo gamuchirwa nekusanganisa masara esimbi (ores kana yenguruve simbi) nemarasha emavambo emidziyo negirazi, mumahwindo pane tembiricha yakakwira. Iyi alloy ine akawanda macarbides ayo anoita kuti iwedzere kuomarara uye isiri kuremara.
9. Iron yakawanikwa. Iri ndiro zita rinopihwa maalloys ane yakakwira kabhoni yezvinhu (kazhinji pakati pe214 ne6,67%) iyo inoiswa simbi, kuti iwane zvinhu zvehukuru hwakanyanya uye brittleness (chena cast iron) kana yakagadzikana uye inogona kugadziriswa (cast iron grey).
10. Permalloy. Magnetic alloy yesimbi uye nickel muzvikamu zvakasiyana, zvinoratidzirwa neakakwira magineti kukwana uye kusagadzikana kwemagetsi, izvo zvinoita kuti ive yakanaka pakugadzira maseru, magineti misoro uye zvimwe zvishandiso muindasitiri.

Mienzaniso yezvisina-feri zvinhu

1. Mhangura. Iine chiratidzo chemakemikari Cu, ndechimwe chezvinhu zvetafura ye periodic. Isimbi ductile uye yakanaka yekufambisa magetsi uye kupisa, ndosaka ichishandiswa zvakanyanya mukuterevhizheni uye kwete zvakanyanya mumabasa anoda kuomarara.
2. Aluminium. Imwe huru yemagetsi uye yekupisa conductor, aluminium ndiyo imwe yesimbi dzinozivikanwa kwazvo nhasi, nekuda kweiyo yakadzika density, kureruka uye yakaderera oxidation, pamwe neakanyanya yakanyanya chepfu, ichiita kuti ive yakanaka pakugadzira chikafu chemidziyo.
3. Tin. Inowanzo shandiswa kuchengetedza simbi kubva kune oxidation, idare gobvu, simbi-yakajeka iyo iyo, kana yakakotama, inoburitsa crunch iyo inonzi "tin kuchema". Iyo yakapfava uye inoshanduka pane tembiricha yemukati, asi painopisa inova inopwanya uye inopwanya.
4. Zingi. Yakanyanya kusagadzikana nengura uye ngura, ndosaka ichiwanzoshandiswa mukugadzirisa maitiro, chinhu ichi chakareruka uye chisingadhuri, ndosaka chiri mukukwirira kukuru kwemaindasitiri munguva yedu.
5. Brass. Iyo inguruve yemhangura uye zinc (iri pakati pe5 ne40%), iyo inovandudza yakasimba tensile yesimbi dzese pasina kubvisa kureruka kwayo uye kwakadzika kuwanda. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwehardware, pombi dzemvura uye maturusi mune zvese.
6. Ndarira. Iine chiwanikwa chakavakirwa pamhangura uye nekuwedzera kwe10% tini, iyi simbi inowanikwa iyo inopesana kupfuura yendarira uye yakanyanya ductile, iyo yakaita basa rakakosha kwazvo munhoroondo yevanhu, kusvika pakupa zita rayo kune zera rebudiriro. Iyo inoshandiswa mune zvidhori, zvidimbu zvekuwana uye makiyi, pakati pezviuru zvekumwe kushandiswa.
7. Magnesium. Yakawanda kwazvo muvhu uye nekunyungudika mumvura yegungwa, chinhu ichi chesimbi chinoumba mamwe maonioni akakosha ehupenyu hwepasi, kunyangwe hazvo isingawanzo kuwanikwa munzvimbo yakasununguka mune zvakasikwa, asi sechikamu chemakomputa mahombe. . Inobata nemvura uye inokurumidza kupisa.
8. Titanium. Yakareruka kupfuura simbi, asi zvakare inopokana nekuora uye yeukukutu kwakadai, iyo yakawanda simbi mune zvakasikwa (haina kumbobvira iri yayo yakachena mamiriro) asi inodhura kumurume, saka haishandiswe zvakanyanya. Iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kazhinji mukugadzirwa kweyekurapa prostheses.
9. Nickel. Chimwe chesimbi chemakemikari element, sirivheri-chena uye ductile, inoumbika, yakaoma, iyo inopesana neiyo oxidation uye, kunyangwe isingaite ferrous, ine inoonekwa zvakanyanya magineti. Ichowo chikamu chakakosha chevakawanda organic makemikari zvakakosha.
10. Ndarama. Imwe yesimbi yakakosha, pamwe inonyanya kuzivikanwa nekuchiva zvakanyanya yakapihwa kukoshesa kwayo kwekutengeserana uye kwehupfumi. Ruvara rwayo rwakajeka yero uye iri ductile, inoumbika uye inorema chinhu iyo inopindura kune cyanide, mercury, chlorine uye bleach.

Inogona kukushandira: Mienzaniso yeZvinotakurika Zvinhu