Zvemukati
IyoNatural mutemo zviri yedzidziso nehunhu inotsigira huvepo hwedzimwe kodzero dzinoenderana nehunhu hwemunhu, ndiko kuti, kuti vanozvarwa pamwechete nemurume uye vari pamberi, vakakwirira uye vakazvimiririra mutemo wakanaka (yakanyorwa) uye tsika yechivanhu (tsika).
Iyi seti yemitemo yakamutsa seti yezvikoro uye vanofunga vakapindura kuzita reiyo mutemo wepanyama kana kururamisira kwepanyama, uye kuti akatsigira kufunga kwake panzvimbo inotevera:
- Iko kune supralegal fomati yemasikirwo emitemo maererano nezvakanaka nezvakaipa.
- Munhu anokwanisa kuziva misimboti iyi kuburikidza nekufunga.
- Kodzero dzose dzakavakirwa pahunhu.
- Chero ipi yakanaka yepamutemo sisitimu iyo inokundikana kutora uye kupa chirango yakati misimboti haigone kutariswa mukuita seyakagadziriswa mutemo.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti kune zvakakosha, zvakasikwa zvehunhu tsika zvinotora nzvimbo yakakosha sehwaro hwechero chimiro chemutemo chevanhu. Zvinoenderana neizvi, mutemo unopokana nehunhu hwemitemo iyi haugoni kuteedzerwa uyezve, uchashayisa basa chero mutemo unoutsigira, mune yainzi fomati yaRadbruch: "mutemo usakarurama zvakanyanya hausi mutemo wechokwadi."
Nekudaro, mutemo wechisikigo haidi kunyorwa . Mutemo wechisikigo unofanirwa kushanda sehwaro hwekuturikira mamwe matavi emutemo, sezvo iwo ari misimboti yepamutemo uye zviri pamutemo hunhu, kwete hunhu chete, tsika kana chitendero.
Mavambo ekutanga emazuva ano epfungwa iyi anouya kubva kuChikoro cheSalamanca uye akazotorwa akashandurwa nevemagariro echibvumirano theorists: Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes naJohn Locke.
Nekudaro, kare, munguva dzekare maive nezvakawanda zvakafananidzwa zvemutemo wechisikigo, kazhinji zvinofemerwa nekuda kwaMwari, kana kunzi kune mumwe munhu anoshamisa.
Mienzaniso yemutemo wechisikigo
Mitemo yaMwari yekare. Mutsika dzekare, kwaive neyakaiswa mitemo yeumwari yaitonga varume, uye hupenyu hwayo husina mubvunzo hwaive pamberi pemhando ipi neipi yepamutemo kana kunyangwe kune zvinopihwa nevatungamiriri. Semuenzaniso, zvakanzi mukare Girisi kuti Zeus anodzivirira nhume uye nekudaro havafanirwe kuve nemhosva yenhau dzakanaka kana dzakaipa dzavakaunza..
Kodzero dzaPlato dzakakosha. Vaviri Plato naAristotle, vazivi vechiGreek vane mukurumbira vekare, vaitenda uye vakagadza kuvepo kwekodzero nhatu dzakakosha dzaive dzakakosha kumunhu: kodzero yehupenyu, kodzero yekusununguka uye kodzero yekufunga. Izvi hazvireve kuti kuGirisi kwekare kwaive kusina humhondi, huranda kana kumanikidza, asi zvinoreva kuti vafungi vekare vakaona kukosha kwemitemo pasati paitwa gungano revanhu.
Mirairo inegumi yevaKristu. Zvakafanana nenyaya yakapfuura, iyi mirairo ine gumi inonzi yakarairwa naMwari yakava hwaro hwekodhi yepamutemo yevaHeberu vanhu venguva yechiKristu, uyezve hwaro hwetsika yakakosha yetsika dzekuMadokero semhedzisiro yeChristian Middle Ages uye theocracy. iyo yakakunda muEurope yenguva iyoyo. Zvivi (kutyorwa kwekodhi) zvakarangwa zvakaomarara nevamiriri veChechi yeKaturike (senge Bvunzurudzo Tsvene).
Kodzero dzemunhu wese. Yakasimudzirwa kekutanga mumazuva ekutanga eChimurenga cheFrance, pakati pekubuda kweRepublic nyowani yakasununguka kubva kuhutongi hwehutongi hwehutongi, kodzero idzi dzaive hwaro hwekuumbwa kwemazuva ano (Kodzero dzevanhu) uye Ivo vaifunga kuenzana, hukama uye rusununguko semamiriro asingabvumirwe evamwe vanhu pasi rose, pasina musiyano wezvakatangira, hunhu hwemagariro, chinamato kana kufunga kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Mazuva ano kodzero dzevanhu. Kodzero dzevanhu dzisingabvisike dzekutevedzera muenzaniso wemutemo wepanyama, nekuti ivo vanozvarwa pamwechete nemurume uye vakajairika kune vese vanhu, senge kodzero yehupenyu kana kuzivikanwa, kupa muenzaniso. Kodzero idzi hadzigoni kubviswa kana kubviswa nedare chero ripi zvaro pasi uye dziri pamusoro pemutemo chero wenyika, uye kutyorwa kwavo kunorangwa pasirese chero nguva, sezvo vachionekwa semhosva dzisingambotemerwa.
