Simba remagetsi

Zvemukati

• Mhando dzemagetsi emagetsi
• Makomborero emagetsi emagetsi
• Kukanganisa kwemagetsi emagetsi
• Mienzaniso yemagetsi emagetsi
• Dzimwe mhando dzesimba

Iyo simba remagetsi iyo inogadzirwa nekuita kwekufamba kwemvura, kazhinji mukudonha (geodesic kusvetuka) uye materu kana madhimoni akasarudzika, uko magetsi emagetsi akaisirwa kutora mukana weiyo michina simba yemvura inofamba uye shandisa ma turbine ejenareta anogadzira magetsi.

Iyi nzira yekushandisa mvura inopa yechishanu yesimba remagetsi pasirese, uye haina kunyatso nyowani munhoroondo yevanhu: maGreek ekare, vachitevedzera iwoyu uye iwo musimboti chaiwo, gorosi rinokuyiwa kuita hupfu vachishandisa simba remvura kana mhepo ine nhevedzano yezvigayo. Nekudaro, iyo yekutanga hydroelectric chirimwa chakadai yakavakwa muna 1879 muUnited States.

Rudzi urwu rwechigadziro chemagetsi rwakakurumbira munzvimbo dzakaomarara geographies dzine mvura semhedzisiro yekunyungudika pamusoro pemakomo kana kukanganiswa kwenzira yerwizi rune simba inounganidza huwandu hwesimba. Dzimwe nguva zvakafanira kuvaka dhamu kudzora kuburitsa nekuchengetedza kwemvura uye nekudaro zvinogadzirisa kudzikisira kwehukuru hunodiwa.

Iyo simba rerudzi urwu rwemuti inogona kubva pazvirimwa zvikuru uye zvine simba zvinogadzira makumi ezviuru zvemamegawatts, kune anonzi mini-hydro zvirimwa zvinogadzira mashoma chete megawatts.

Mamwe ruzivo mu: Mienzaniso yeHydraulic Power

Mhando dzemagetsi emagetsi

Zvinoenderana nepfungwa yayo yekuvaka, inowanzo kusiyaniswa pakati open-air hydroelectric zvinomera, senge iwo akaisirwa patsoka dzemapopoma kana dhamu, uye magetsi emagetsi emagetsi mubako, ayo ari kure nekwaanobva mvura asi akabatanidzwa pairi nemapombi ekudzvinyirira uye mamwe marudzi ematanera.

Izvi zvinomera zvinogona zvakare kusarudzwa zvinoenderana nekuyerera kwemvura mune imwe neimwe nyaya, zvinoti:

• Inoyerera zvirimwa zvemvura. Vanoshanda vachienderera mberi, vachitora mukana wemvura yerwizi kana kudonha, sezvo vasina hunyanzvi hwekuchengeta mvura semumadziva.
• Dziva rekudyara. Ivo vanochengetedza iyo mvura kuburikidza nedhamhu uye vachiirega ichiyerera nepakati pemagetsi, ichichengetedza kuyerera kunogara kuchidzora. Ivo anodhura zvakanyanya kupfuura kuyerera kwemvura.
• Centrals ine mutemo. Yakaiswa munzizi, asi nekwanisi yekuchengetedza mvura.
• Zviteshi zvekupomba. Vanobatanidza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi nekuyerera kwemvura nekwanisi yekutumira iyo mvura kumashure, ichienderera mberi kutenderera uye ichishanda semabhatiri makuru.

Makomborero emagetsi emagetsi

Simba remagetsi emagetsi raive rakakurumbira munguva yechipiri yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, zvichipiwa hunhu hwayo husina mubvunzo, hunova:

• Kuchenesa. Kuenzaniswa ne kupisa mafuta, isimba rakaderera rinosvibisa.
• Kuchengeteka. Zvichienzaniswa nenjodzi dzinogona kuitika dzesimba renyukireya kana dzimwe nzira dzine njodzi dzekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, njodzi dzadzo dzinogona kugadziriswa.
• Kugara. Mvura yemurwizi uye madonhwe mahombe kazhinji anogara achingogara mukati megore rose, ichiona mashandiro enguva dzose echinhu chinogadzira.
• Upfumi. Nekusada mbishi zvinhu, kana maitiro akaomarara, iri isingadhuri uye yakapusa yemagetsi yekugadzira modhi, iyo inoderedza mitengo yesimba rese kugadzirwa uye cheni yekushandisa.
• Kuzvitonga. Sezvo isingade mbishi zvigadzirwa kana zvinowaniswa (kupfuura zvingazopedzisira zvasara zvikamu), iwo muenzaniso wakazvimiririra wakasununguka pakushanduka kwemusika uye zvibvumirano zvepasi rese kana zvematongerwo enyika.

Kukanganisa kwemagetsi emagetsi

• Zviitiko zvemuno. Kuvakwa kwemadhamu nemakomba, pamwe nekuiswa kweturbine nemajenareta zvine chekuita nenzira yenzizi dzinowanzo kukanganisa nzizi. ecosystems emunharaunda.
• Yekupedzisira njodzi. Kunyangwe isingawanzo uye inodzivirirwa neyakagadziriswa tsika, zvinokwanisika kuti kutyora mudiki kunogona kukonzera kusadzora kusununguka kwehuwandu hwemvura yakakura kupfuura inokwanisa kugadziriswa uye iyo mafashama nematambudziko yemuno.
• Mamiriro ekunze. Mazhinji ezvivakwa izvi anoshandura zvakanyanya masango enzvimbo uye anokanganisa mamiriro enzvimbo, kunyangwe iwo achigona zvakare kuve ekushanya nzvimbo dzevashanyi.
• Kushata kwemahombekombe erwizi. Kupfuurira kupfuurira pane kuyerera kwemvura kunokanganisa mibhedha yerwizi uye kunochinja hunhu hwemvura, kubvisa madutu. Izvi zvese zvine rwizi kukanganisa kufunga.
• Kunaya kunogona kuitika. Muzviitiko zvekusanaya kwakanyanya, aya mazera emhando anoona kugadzirwa kwavo kushoma, nekuti huwandu hwemvura hwakaderera pane hwakakodzera. Izvi zvinogona kureva kucheka kwesimba kana mwero kuwedzera, zvinoenderana nekuwanda kwekusanaya kwemvura.

Mienzaniso yemagetsi emagetsi

1. Niagara Falls. Iyo yemagetsi magetsi chiteshi Robert Moses Niagara Simba Remagetsi Inowanikwa muUnited States, yaive yekutanga fekitori yemagetsi munhoroondo kuvakwa, ichitora mukana wesimba hombe yeNiagara Falls muAppleton, Wisconsin.
2. Krasnoyarsk dhamu remagetsi. Dhamu rekongiri repamamita gumi nemaviri riri paRwizi rweYenisei muDivnogorsk, Russia, rakavakwa pakati pa1956 na1972 uye richipa mazana matanhatu emazana MW emagetsi kuvanhu veRussia. Dhamu reKrasnoyarkoye rakagadzirwa kuti rishande.
3. Salime Reservoir. Iri dura reSpanish riri muAsturias, paNasia riverbed, yakavhurwa muna 1955 uye rinopa huwandu hwevanhu vangangoita 350 GWh pagore. Kuivaka, rwizi rwizi rwaifanirwa kuchinjwa zvachose uye mapurazi anoda kusvika zviuru zviviri akazara pamahekita 685 epasi rinorimwa, pamwe nemapurazi emumadhorobha, mabhiriji, makuva, machechi, nemachechi.
4. Guavio hydroelectric chirimwa. Yechipiri yakakura magetsi gadziriro iri kushanda munharaunda yeColombia, iri muCundinamarca, 120km kubva kuBogotá uye inogadzira ingangoita 1,213 MW yemagetsi. Yakatanga kushanda mu1992, kunyangwe hazvo chokwadi kuti mamwe mauniti matatu haasati aiswa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemari. Kana zvikadaro, mashandiro edziva iri anowedzera kusvika ku1, 900 MW, akakwirira kwazvo munyika yese.
5. Simon Bolívar hydroelectric chirimwa. Iyo zvakare inonzi Presa del Guri, iri muBolívar nyika, Venezuela, pamuromo peRwizi rweCaroni murwizi rwakakurumbira rweOrinoco. Iine dura rekugadzira rinodaidzwa kuti Embalse del Guri, iro magetsi anopihwa kune yakakura chikamu chenyika uye rinototengeswa kumaguta emuganhu kuchamhembe kweBrazil. Yakavhurwa zvizere mu1986 uye ndiyo yechina pakukura gwenya remagetsi munyika, ichipa 10 235 MW yehuwandu hwakaisirwa masimba muzvikamu gumi zvakasiyana.
6. Xilodu Dam. Inowanikwa paRwizi Jinsha kumaodzanyemba kweChina, ine simba rakaisirwa ye13,860 MW yemagetsi, pamusoro pekutendera kudzora kuyerera kwemvura kufambisa kufamba uye kudzivirira mafashama. Parizvino ndiro rechitatu pakukura magetsi emagetsi epasi rese uyezve dhamu rechina pakureba pasi.
7. Matatu Gorges Dam. Zvakare iri muChina, paRwizi rweYangtze pakati penzvimbo yayo, ndicho chirimwa chikuru chemagetsi munyika, chine simba rese re24,000 MW. Yakapedzwa muna 2012, mushure mekufashama kwemaguta 19 nemataundi makumi maviri nemaviri (630 km² pamusoro), nevanhu vangangosvika mamirioni maviri vaifanira kubviswa uye kutamiswa. Iine yayo 2309 mita yakareba uye 185 yakakwira dhamu, iri simba gadziriro chete rinopa 3% yesimba rakakura simba rekushandisa munyika ino.
8. Yacyretá-Apipé Dhamu. Iri dhamu riri munzvimbo yakabatana yeArgentina-Paraguayan nzvimbo paRwizi Paraná, rinopa zvinoda kusvika 22% yeanoda simba reArgentina ne3,100 MW yemagetsi. Chaive chivakwa chine nharo zvakanyanya, sezvo zvaida mafashama enzvimbo dzakasarudzika mudunhu uye kutsakatika kwemarudzi mazhinji emhuka nezvirimwa.
9. Palomino Hydroelectric Chirongwa. Iyi purojekiti iri kuvakwa muDominican Republic ichave iri paYaraque-Sur neBlanco nzizi, uko dhamu rine nzvimbo yakazara mahekita makumi maviri nemaviri ichave iriko uye ichawedzera kuwedzerwa kwesimba kwenyika ne15%.
10. Itaipu Dhamu. Yechipiri chirimwa chikuru chemagetsi epasi rese, chirongwa chebinational pakati peBrazil neParaguay kutora mukana wemuganhu wavo paRwizi Paraná. Kureba kwekugadzira kwedhamu kunovhara ingangoita 29,000 hm³ yemvura munzvimbo ingangoita 14,000 km². Kugona kwayo kugona i14,000 MW uye yakatanga kugadzirwa muna 1984.

Dzimwe mhando dzesimba