Makomo, mapani nemapani

Zvemukati

• Mienzaniso yemakomo
• Mienzaniso yemapani
• Mienzaniso yemapani

Iyo miromo, iyo mahwendefa uye iyo mapani iwo akajairika maficha epasi munzvimbo yeguruva repasi uye anoratidza kune akasiyana madhigirii kumakondinendi mashanu. Ivo vanosiyaniswa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe nehurefu hwasvika uye nechimiro chaicho chavo zororo.

Iyomiromo Iwo akakwidziridzwa echisikigo epasi pevhu, akakwirira kupfuura 700m zvine chekuita negwenga rawo uye anokwanisa kuve akaunganidzwa mumakomo emakomo, mitsara yemakomo kana volcanoes. Kwakatangira kukwidziridzwa uku kuri kukonzerwa nekupetwa kwepasi nekuda kweteconic dynamics, yakazoratidzwa nekunze kwekuita kwenguva nekukukurwa. Pamwe chete, makomo anotora makumi maviri nemana muzana yeiyo lithosphere uye inovhara 53% yeAsia kondinendi, 58% yeAmerican kondinendi, 25% yeEuropean, 17% yeOceania uye 3% ye Africa. Inofungidzirwa kuti gumi muzana yevagari vevanhu vanogara mumakomo uye nzizi dzenyika dzese dzinobva kwadziri.

PlateausKune rimwe divi, kana mabani, iwo mhando yemusanganiswa pakati pemakomo nemapani. Inowanikwa pamusoro peanopfuura mazana mashanu emamiriyoni pamusoro pegungwa, iwo mapani akapamhamha uye akakwirira ane chikwereti kumavambo ekufamba kwetectonic uye maitiro erosive mune zvisina kusimba zvinhu, izvo zvinomutsa bani. Muzviitiko zvakawanda zvinokonzerwa nekumuka kwemakomo emakomo anoputika ari pasi pemvura. Plateaus inowanzo kuve nenzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzinopihwa mazita emuno akasiyana, senge altiplano, butte, kana chapada.

MapaniChekupedzisira, inzvimbo dzakakura dzevhu rakapetana kana nekudzikisira kushoma, kazhinji pazasi pemipata, kumusoro kwenzvimbo dzenzvimbo kana mapani, kana padanho regungwa, hazviwanzo pamusoro pemamita mazana maviri. Mapani mazhinji akakosha mune zvehupfumi kuvanhu, nekuti maari zvirimwa nemafuro zvinoitika sezvo kuwanika kwenzvimbo yazvo kunofambisa nzira uye huwandu hwevanhu zvakafanana.

Mienzaniso yemakomo

1. Gomo Éverest, muHimalaya. Gomo repamusoro soro paPasi, pamamita 8848 pamusoro pegungwa, riri pamuganhu pakati peChina neNepal, uye rinoita gomo rine makomo pamwe chete nenhongonya dzakadai seLhotse (8516 m), Nuptse (7855 m) uye Changtse (7580) m). Kukwidza ndeimwe yematambudziko makuru muhupenyu hwevanyanzvi vekukwira makomo uye pakanga pasina kusvika muna 1960 apo timu yevaChinese vanokwira makomo vakasvika pamusoro payo yekumusoro ridge.
2. Cerro el Ávila National Park. Iyo zvakare inonzi Waraira-repano, izwi rayo rekutanga remuno, uye iri kuchamhembe kweguta reVenzuelan reCaracas, guta guru renyika, gomo iri rinoparadzanisa guta negungwa reCaribbean nemhenderekedzo, rakarikomberedza uye kuva chiratidzo chinozivikanwa che guta. Iyo National Park yakagadzirirwa nzira inonakidza uye yakawanda yekukwira nzira, pamwe nenhongonya dzinosiyana kubva pamamita zana nemakumi maviri nemakumi manomwe nemashanu pamusoro pegungwa.
3. Aconcagua. Inowanikwa mudunhu reMendoza, Argentina, uye ichiumba chikamu chemakomo epamberi eAndes, ine kukwirira kwemamita 6,960.8 pamusoro pegungwa uye ndiyo yepamusoro soro muAmerica, uye yakakwira kwazvo pasirese mushure meHimalaya. Musi waNdira 1, 2000, kubva kumusoro kwayo, mutambi weItari -Argentina uye mutori wenhau Victoria Manno vakatumira meseji kuhunhu hwerunyararo, kubatana uye kudzivirira kwevasina kusimba, inozivikanwa se "Humanity Call for Attention".
4. Chimborazo volcano. Iri ndiro gomo rakakwirira chose uye gomo rinoputika muEcuador, uye iyo pfungwa iri kure kubva pakati penyika iripo, ndiko kuti, iri padyo nenzvimbo yekunze, nekuda kwehunhu hwepasi hwepasi pane iyo latitude. Kuputika kwayo kwekupedzisira kunofungidzirwa kuve kwaive muna 550 AD uye iri pakati peAndes, makiromita zana nemakumi mashanu kubva kuguta guru reEcuadorian. Kureba kwayo pamusoro pegungwa ndiko 6263.7 m. Nezve gomo iri, Simón Bolívar akanyora rake rakakurumbira "My delirium about Chimborazo".
5. Huascarán. Snowy massif yePeruvia Andes ine matatu matatu makomo: kuchamhembe (6655 masl), kumaodzanyemba (6768 masl) uye kumabvazuva (6354 masl). Musangano wekumaodzanyemba ndiyo nzvimbo yepamusoro muPeru yese uye nzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kweSouth America, zvinoita kuti ive gomo rechishanu pakakwirira pakondinendi uye, sezvinei, nzvimbo yepasi ine kukwezva kushoma kuripo.
6. Iyo Cotopaxi. Imwe yemakomo ane mukurumbira muEcuador, ine kukwirira kwemamita 5,897 pamusoro pegungwa uye ndiyo imwe yeanonyanya kushanda pasirese. Inowanikwa makiromita makumi mashanu kumaodzanyemba kubva kuQuito uye kuputika kwayo kwekupedzisira kukuru kwakaitika muna 1877. Zita rayo, mumutauro wemuno, zvinoreva "Chigaro cheMwedzi".
7. Gomo reMont Blanc. "Gomo jena" igomo regranite 4810 metres pamusoro pegungwa, rakakwirira kwazvo muEurope yese uye nzvimbo yepamusoro yeAlps makomo. Iyo yakakomberedzwa nemipata ine akawanda emahombekombe echando uye iri chikamu cheyakajairwa massif, pamuganhu pakati peItari neFrance. Iyo inzvimbo yakasarudzika yekushanya kunokwira chando, kusvetuka uye kukwira makomo, uye kubvira 1965 yakayambuka neti 11.6 km kureba kweMon Blanc tunnel.
8. Ivo Kanchenjunga. Gomo rechitatu rakakwirira kwazvo pasirese, pamamita 8586 kukwirira, ndiro rakakwirira muIndia uye rechipiri muNepal. Iine misoro mishanu yehurefu hwakafanana, saka zita rayo rinoshandura "Iyo shanu pfuma yesinou", iyo maererano netsika inomiririra nzvimbo tsvene dzaMwari: goridhe, sirivheri, matombo anokosha, zviyo uye mabhuku matsvene.
9. Kilimanjaro. Inowanikwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweTanzania uye inoumbwa nemakomo matatu asingashande: Shira (kumadokero, 3962 metres pamusoro pegungwa), Mawenzi (kumabvazuva, 5149 metres pamusoro pegungwa) uye Kibo (kusvika pakati, 5892 metres pamusoro pegungwa ), makomo aya ane mukurumbira nekuda kwechando chisingaperi icho, kubvira pakati pezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, chakaderedzwa zvakanyanya muukobvu. Yake yepamusoro yakasvikwa muna 1889, ichive iyo yepamusoro nzvimbo muAfrica yese. Kubva 1975 iri National Park,
10. Gomo reShinn. Iri gomo rinopfuura 4661 metres kukwirira iri muAntarctica, munzvimbo yepasi rose. Yakawanikwa muna 1958 panguva dzendege dzekuona uye yakatumidzwa zita raLieutenant Commander Conrad S. Shin, uyo akatanga kumhara kuGeographic South Pole.

Mienzaniso yemapani

1. Jujuy Puna. Iri bani rakakwirira kuchamhembe kweArgentina, mune mamwe matunhu eJujuy, Salta neCatamarca, inzvimbo yemakomo eAndes ayo akatsemurwa nekuda kwemakomo akateedzana. Inokwira kubva pamamita mazana mazana matatu nemakumi matatu pamusoro pegungwa kusvika pamazana matatu nemazana matatu.
2. Iyo Andean Altiplano. Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare seMeseta del Titicaca kana Meseta del Collao, ibani rakakura kwazvo (3800 metres pamusoro pegungwa) mumakomo eAndes, ayo anotambanuka pakati penzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzeBolivia, Argentina, Chile nePeru. Panzvimbo ino budiriro dzekare dzakatangira, senge Tiahuanaco uye iri chikamu chenharaunda inozivikanwa sePuna.
3. Auyantepuy. Zita rayo mumutauro wePemon rinoreva "Gomo raDhiyabhorosi" uye ndiyo tepi yakakura kwazvo (iri pamamita 2535 pamusoro pegungwa uye ine 700 km² pamusoro) uye inozivikanwa kubva kuCanaima National Park kumaodzanyemba kweVenezuela. Iyo tepuis mapani emakomo ehurefu hwakasiyana uye mukati memhango, mukati mayo iyo ecosystem inoshanduka zvakasiyana kubva kunharaunda inoitika, ndosaka ichionekwa semashonga enzvimbo dzinopisa dzekudyidzana. Imvura yemvura yakakura kwazvo pasi rose, iyo Angel Falls, zvakare inodonha kubva pamusoro peAuyantepuy.
4. Puna de Atacama. Renje rerenje pamamita mazana mana nemazana mashanu pamusoro pegungwa iro rinowedzera pamusoro penzvimbo yemakiromita zviuru makumi masere², pamuganhu weArgentina neChile. Inoyambuka nekukwira kwakasiyana siyana zvine chekuita nebani, pakati payo makomo mazhinji anopararira. Iyo ine zororo rakasiyana uye nzizi dzakawanda idzo, kazhinji kazhinji, hadzi svike kugungwa.
5. Tibet Plateau. Inozivikanwa seTibetan-Qinghai Plateau, inzvimbo yakaoma yakaoma inogara yakawanda yeTibet Autonomous Region, pamwe nechikamu cheIndia neChina. Iyo inotora nzvimbo ye1000km yakafara ne2500 kureba, paavhareji kukwirira kwemamita 4500 pamusoro pegungwa, ndosaka ichionekwa senzvimbo yepamusoro-soro yemupata: "denga" renyika.
6. Bani repakati. Mazhinji eIberian Peninsula (angangoita 400,000 km²Spanish iri panzvimbo iyi ine hura hwemamita mazana matanhatu pamusoro pegungwa, chikamu chekare chekuyamura mudunhu iri. Inotsvedza zvishoma zvishoma yakanangana neAtlantic Ocean uye ine mamiriro ekunze eMediterranean. Inopatsanurwa kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba nemakomo anonzi Central System.
7. Brasilia Massif. Pamwe chete neGuiana massif, inzvimbo hombe yekondinendi, imwe yenzvimbo dzekare pasi rese, yevatatu vanoumba South America (pamwe nePatagonian massif). Inowanikwa pakati-kumabvazuva kwekondinendi, rwenze urwu rwunodziya uye rune hunyoro, uye nzizi dzeAmazon nePlata dzinopfuura nemumitsara yadzo.
8. Guiana Massif. Iyo zvakare inonzi Guiana Shield, inzvimbo yemakondinendi yakare kwazvo inosvika kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweSouth America kondinendi muchikamu chenharaunda yeVenezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil neFrench Guyana. Muganho waro iRwizi rweOrinoco kuchamhembe, uye sango reAmazon kumaodzanyemba, iri imwe yenharaunda dzine kusiyaniswa kukuru kwazvo pasi rose.
9. Atherton Plateau. Plateau iri muAustralia, ine nharaunda ye32,000 km² inobatsira zvakanyanya kune zvipfuyo chiitiko. Nepakati pakureba pakati pe600 kusvika 900 metres pamusoro pegungwa, ivhu rayo rinoputika uye kudiridza neLake Tinaroo (rakakomberedzwa neBarron Rwizi), inzvimbo yakaorera kwazvo ine matai akapfuma.
10. Altiplano cundiboyacence. Kufukidza nharaunda ye25,000 km² Pane avhareji yekukwira kwemamita mazana maviri nemazana matanhatu pamusoro pegungwa, guta reBogotá, guta guru renyika, riri munzvimbo iyi yeColombia.

Mienzaniso yemapani

1. Bani raDōenda. Iyi nzvimbo yemahombekombe yemahombekombe yakaumbwa nekuita kwenzizi dzeShigenobu neIshte, pachiwi cheJapan cheShikoku. Inotambanuka ingangoita 20 km kumabvazuva-kumadokero uye 17 kuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba, inogarwa nemaguta eMatsuyama neToon.
2. Eastern Europe Plain. Iyo inozivikanwawo sebani reRussia, inovhara pamusoro pe4,000,000 km² Paavhareji yemamita 170 pamusoro pegungwa, inoumba Great European Plain, pamwechete nebani reNorth Europe, nzvimbo yakasununguka yemakomo mudunhu rese. Inosanganisira matunhu enyika zhinji: Germany, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Moldova uye chikamu cheEuropean cheKazakhstan.
3. North Europe bani. Icho chimwe chikamu cheGreat European Plain, chinotambanuka kubva kuGungwa reBaltic neNorth Sea kusvika kuCentral European highlands. Kukwidziridzwa kwenzvimbo yaro kunosiyana pakati pe0 ne200 metres pamusoro pegungwa, yakagovaniswa pakati peBelgium, Holland, Denmark, Germany nePoland, pamwe neCzech Republic yese.
4. Pampas nharaunda. Bani rakakura rinotambanuka pakati penzvimbo dzenharaunda dzeArgentina, Uruguay neBrazil. Ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzakaorera kwazvo pasi rino, ichipiwa kudiridza kwayo kwakanyanya kwemvura uye kusavapo kwayo kwemasango. Zita rayo rinobva mushoko reQuechua rinoti "bani pakati pemakomo."
5. Sandur kana Kushambidza glacial. Aya ndiwo mabani emadziro ane tambo dzinouya kubva mukunyungudika kwemazaya echando mumabheseni ane hukama nenharaunda. Iwo anowanzo kuve nejecha uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshambidzwa nemvura yakanyungudika, saka vanogona kusvika ku100 m pakukora uye kutambanuka kwemakiromita mazhinji kutenderedza. Muenzaniso weiyi iSkeiðarársandur muIceland.
6. Lelant bani. Bani rakaorera pachitsuwa cheGreek cheEuboea, chinoitika muzana ramakore rechisere BC. yehondo dzeLelantine dzevavo. Uku ndiko kwaive kuzivikanwa kwayo kuti mukati meMiddle Ages kwaitaurwa nezvayo mumagwaro seLilanto, bani rinotungamira kuAttica.
7. Dunhu reLlanos. Iri munzvimbo yepakati yeVenezuela uye yakakosha zvipfuyo uye kukosha kwezvekurima, dunhu iri rakaita basa rakakosha rezvemari munyika kutanga kwekushandisa oiri muna 1917, apo kubuda kwekumaruwa kwakakusiya kwakasiiwa. Parizvino inharaunda isina vanhu vakawanda yekumaruwa inotambanuka kuburikidza nematunhu eGuárico neApure (anenge 142 900 km²).
8. Mapani eAbyssal. Kufukidza 40% yepasi pegungwa, aya mabani epasi pemvura anowanikwa pakadzika zvakaenzana kana pasi pemamirimita mazana maviri, kubva kumahombekombe nekunharaunda kumatunhu ezuva mashoma, kuvapo kushomeka kwemanyowa uye kudzvinyirira kwakanyanya, kunozivikanwa sematanho eabyssal. Idzo ndidzo nzvimbo hombe dzekunyorova dzepasi uye dzinofukidza gungwa regungwa.
9. Mapani Makuru. Inowanikwa muNorth America, pabani rakakura uye rakakwirira rinotambanuka pakati penzvimbo dzeCoahuila (Mexico), Alberta, Saskatchewan neManitoba (Canada) neNew Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, Dakota South uye North Dakota (United States). Iyi inharaunda yekushandisa zvipfuyo uye zvekurima, zvakapfuma mumahydrocarbon senge marasha nemafuta, ayo anotambura nekusanaya kwakanyanya uye dutu rejecha makore ese makumi maviri nemashanu kana zvakadaro.
10. Bani reKur-Araz. Iko kushushikana kukuru mudunhu reAzerbaijan kunotsanangurwa nemipata yemakungwa eKur neAras, kumadokero kweGungwa reCaspian nekuchamhembe kweMakomo eTalysh. Inotambanudza muLenkoran Plain kunharaunda yeIran.

Inogona kukushandira:

• Mienzaniso yeMasango
• Mienzaniso yeJungles
• Mienzaniso yeDesert