Howa

Zvemukati

• Mienzaniso yehowa

Zita "howa”Iri izwi rakajairika kuhumambo hwese hwevanhu eukaryotes (varidzi vemasero ane nucleated) anozivikanwa se funghi, uye izvo zvinowanzo sanganisira howa, kuumbwa uye mbiriso (kunyangwe zvichinyanya kunyanya zvekare), sezvo zvichisiyana nemiti nemhuka mune yavo mamakemikari mamiriro uye munzira dzadzo dzekudyisa uye kubereka.

Semuenzaniso, nhengo dzehumambo funghi Iwo ane masero akapihwa neiyo biochemical wall semiti, asi pachinzvimbo chekugadzirwa neselulose, ivo vakagadzirwa nechitini, iyo imwechete komputa inowanikwa muhombodo yezvipembenene. Panguva imwecheteyo, ivo vanoberekana pabonde uye asexual, kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwezvipembenene; Izvo zvisingachinjiki zvivakwa mukati mekuvapo kwavo uye zvinodyisa kuburikidza nekuvirisa yezvinhu zvakasikwa mune akawanda kwazvo uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana zvinogoneka.

Iyo zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana yefungi yakakura kwazvo, kune dzinodyiwa uye dzine chepfu fungi, chisvetuka uye fungi furu, inoshandiswa nemunhu, coprophiles uye pyrophiles, asi kazhinji zvinoda chaiwo mamiriro ehumhu uye zvinovaka muviri kuti zvikure. Ndosaka zvichikwanisika kuti uzviwane kubva kumarenje, nzvimbo dzine munyu, dzakatarisana nemionekedzo yeionizing kana pasi pesango remvura inotonhorera.

Bazi resainzi iro rakatsaurirwa kufundo yemhando idzi dzezvinhu inozivikanwa seMycology.

Mienzaniso yehowa

1. Iyo yakajairwa howa (Agaricus bisporus). Chikafu howa par kugona, kunozvarwa kuEurope neNorth America, chikamu chezvinhu zvakawanda zvegastronomic uye zvinorimwa zvakanyanya pasirese. Inowanzo chena, iine hypha pfupi uye ngowani yakatenderera.
2. Reishi howa (Ganoderma lucidum). Parasitic fungus yemakwati emarudzi mazhinji emiti, akagoverwa munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzakadzikama, ndiyo imwe yehunhu hwekare-kare unozivikanwa. Iwo anowanzo kuve eanosiyana mavara, ane ngowani-yakaita ngowani uye yakafukidzwa netaundi ye lacquer.
3. Turkey muswe howa (Trametes zvinowirirana). Yakanyanya kujairika uye dzakasiyana muhuvara hwayo, iyi turkey yakaita muswe yakaita mushwa inoonekwa semushonga neyakare tsika yechiChinese, ichitoshandiswa seyemuno-yekubatsira kurwisa cancer. Inowanzo kumera pamvura inonaya yemuti, matombo, kana materu.
4. Green apurikoti (Amanita phalloides). Iyo inotyisa kufa fungus, kapu inouraya kana green hemlock, ndiyo imwe yeakashata howa mienzaniso inozivikanwa. Kufanana zvakanyanya neumwe howa hunodyiwa, unowanzo kuve chikonzero chehupfu hunouraya, hunowanzo kukuvadza pachiropa neitsvo. Ivo vane mutete mutete uye murefu, ine ngowani yakafara, yero..
5. Tarisa ivo (Lactarius deliciosus). Iyo zvakare inonzi chanterelles kana robellones, iwo akajairika anodyiwa howa muSpain, inowanzoitika yemapaini masango nemasango akasanganiswa. Dzinobuda mumatsutso, dziine muviri shava uye chena ine gumbo rakakombama uye pfupi, iro, kana rakatyoka, rinovanza latex orange. Izvo zvinobikwa mune zvikafu uye kazhinji sechinoenderana nechikafu.
6. "Chingwa cheIndia" (Cyttaria harioti). Llao llao kana chingwa cheIndia, chakuvhe chinopararira cheimwe pampas Patagonian miti (iyo ñire uye coihue kunyanya), yedunhu reChilean neArgentina yeSouth America. Izvo zvinodyiwa. Chitarisiko chayo chinovhiringidza savi ducts dzemuti uye muti unowanzo gadzira mapfundo ekupfuura kuvharika, chinova chiratidzo chinozivikanwa chekuvapo kwawo.
7. Iyo huitlacoche kana cuitlacoche (Ustilago maydis). Chakuvhe chinodyiwa, utachiona hwechibage, hunorwisa nzeve diki uye hunotanga kuoneka seguru rakachena rinosviba richikura. MuMexico, kunwiwa kwayo kunoonekwa sekuzvarwa kweAztec nhaka, uye ndiro zhinji dzinoitwa kubva pairi.
8. Mongui howa (Psilocybe semilanceata). Kuyera pakati pemasendimita maviri kusvika mashanu, iine chena uye shava ine ngowani inopwititika painenge ichikura, iyi howa yeEurope hallucinogenic inoshandiswa zvakanyanya senge psychotropic. Mhedzisiro yaro inopesana neiyo yeserotonin, ichiita kuti ishandiswe uye kuwedzeredzwa uko kunogona kazhinji kutungamira kune paranoia uye mania.
9. Pompom yenhema (Amanita muscaria). Iyo fungus yakajairika, ine hunhu mutsvuku chivharo icho chinogona kutadza kuve oronja uye icho, mumatanho ayo ekutanga, chinoratidzika chakafukidzwa nevhudzi jena. Iyo inozivikanwa hallucinogen uye neurotoxic, iyo inosvibisa zvipembenene zvinomhara paheti yayo uye nokudaro inochengetedza kwayakabva zvinhu zvakasikwa.
10. Penicillin chakuvhe (Penicillium chrysogenum). Nekuda kwekuonekwa kwakangoitika kwefungus iyi mumhedzisiro yekuedza kwaAlexander Fleming, takawana mushonga mukuru wekurwisa mabhakitiriya munhoroondo, penicillin. Iko kune mhuri izere yefungi inokwanisa kuvharidzira ichi chemushonga.
11. Judhasi Nzeve (Auricularia auricula-judae). Chikafu chinodyiwa chinokura pamakwati uye matavi akafa emiti uye chine hunhu hwepingi, ndosaka chakabatana nepini yemunhu. Inodyiwa uye ine mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye inorwisa kuzvimba.
12. Shitake(Lentinula edodes). Inodyiwa howa hwakajairika muAsia chikafu, inozivikanwawo se "dema dondo howa" kana "ruva howa" kubva kune avo akasiyana emuno mazita. Iyo inofanirwa kuve yekuChina, uko kwagara kuchirimwa pahuni kana zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira. Mugadziri wayo wepasi rose iJapan.
13. Nhema truffles (Tuber melanosporum). Imwe misiyano yehowa hunodyiwa, inokosheswa kwazvo nekuda kwekunhuhwirira kwayo uye kunhuwirira. Inoitika pasi muhusiku hweEurope uye ine chitema chitarisiko, ine warty pamusoro. Icho chinowanzoitwa gastronomic kuwedzera kune foie gras uye sauces dzakasiyana.
14. Candida yevanhu (Candida albicans). Iyi fungus inowanzo kuwanikwa mumuromo, ura uye mukadzi, uye inoenderana nekudyiwa kweshuga kuburikidza nekuvira. Asi inogona kazhinji kuve pathogenic uye kugadzira a mbiriso chirwere, chirwere chakajairika uye chinorapika zvakakwana pabonde.
15. Rutsoka rwemumhanyi (Epidermophyton floccosum). Ichi chakuvhe ndechimwe chezvikonzero zvinogona kukonzera fungal rudo rweganda remunhu (mhombwe), kunyanya kana iri, sezvakaitika kune vatambi, inoiswa pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya uye humidhi mamiriro. Ivo vanoumba yero shava kana greenish vatema makoloni.
16. Velvet howa(Flammulina velutipes). Howa hunodyiwa hune mashanga marefu uye mavara akasiyana, anokosheswa muJapan gastronomy yehunhu hwayo uye kuwanda kwayo mumakwati emiti.
17. Bioluminescent howa (Omphalotus nidiformis). Chaizvoizvo zveAustralia neTasmania, pamwe neIndia, uyu howa une chena, isina kujairika dendere chimiro, icho chinovhenekera mwenje murima. Iwo akasiana akasiyana kwazvo asi aine chepfu uye isingadyiwe.
18. Scarlet copic (Sarcoscypha coccinea). Pasi rose zviripo fungus, inokura pamatanda nematavi ari kuora pasi pehuswa hunyoro, hwakaita hwakatenderera uye wepingi chimiro. Mashandisirwo ayo ekurapa anozivikanwa, kunyangwe kudyara kwayo kuchiri pasi pekupokana nevanyori vane hunyanzvi.
19. Aflatoxin chakuvhe (Aspergillus flavus). Kazhinji muchibage nenzungu, pamwe nemakapeti akareba akanyorova, iyi fungus inosanganiswa nezvirwere zvemapapu uye ine allergenic zvakanyanya, inokwanisa kuvharira mycotoxin inouraya.
20. Dema muforoma (Stachybotrys chartarum). Yakanyanya chepfu, iyi furu inowanzoonekwa muzvivakwa zvakasiiwa uko kune zvakawanda zvehupenyu zvinhu, hunyoro hwakanyanya uye mwenje mushoma, pamwe nekushandurana kwemhepo kushoma. Kufema kwemashure ayo kunogadzira huturu uye kukosora kusingaperi, zvinoenderana nehurefu uye kusimba kwekuratidzwa kune mycotoxin.

• Tevera na: Mienzaniso kubva kuFungi Kingdom