Zvemukati
Iyo alkanes iri kirasi yemahydrocarbon mune akasiyana manhamba e maatomu ekabhoni dzakabatanidzwa pamwechete nehukama humwe, kunge marangwanda, uye imwe neimwe kabhoni maatomu inosanganisirwa nayo maatomu ehydrogen, iyo inogona kupedzisira yatsiviwa neimwe maatomu kana mapoka emakemikari.
Iyo molekyuli fomati yea alkanes iri CnH2n + 2, apo C inomiririra kabhoni, H inomiririra hydrogen uye n inomiririra huwandu hweatomu dzekabhoni. Alkanes akazara mahydrocarbon. Kuvatumidza mazita, chinjikisheni “-gore”.
Inogona kukushandira:
- Mienzaniso yeAlkynes
- Mienzaniso yeAlkenes
Kupatsanura
Mukati meaya alkanes, mapoka makuru maviri anowanzo kuzivikanwa aine musiyano wakakosha pakati pawo: cheni yakavhurika (inonziwo acyclic) uye cheni yakavharwa (kana cyclical).
Kana macompound emaketani akavhurika asingaise chero chinotsiviwa chehydrogens inofambidzana neimwe athomu yekabhoni, inonzi mutsara alkanes: aya ndiwo alkanes akapusa. Kana ivo vauya chinotsiva, ivo vanodanwa matavi alkanes. Iwo akanyanya kutsiviwa ekutsiva ndiwo hydroxyl uye methyl mapoka, uye halogen.
Kune rimwe divi, kune macompound ane kutenderera kumwechete mumorekuru uye nevamwe vane akati wandei; iyo inonzi monocyclic uye polycyclic, zvichiteerana. Cyclic alkanes inogona kuva homocyclic kana zvideo.
- Iwo ekutanga anoumbwa neiyo yega kupindira kweakabhoni maatomu.
- Mune yekupedzisira, mamwe maatomu anotora chikamu, semuenzaniso, oxygen kana sarufa.
Zvepanyama zvivakwa
Kazhinji, zvimiro zvemuviri zvealkanes zvakagadziriswa neiyo masero (zvakare yakabatana nehurefu). Avo vane huwandu hwakaderera kwazvo hwemarabhoni vari gaseous pane tembiricha yemukati, ayo ari pakati pe5 kusvika 18 maatomu ecarbon ari zvinwiwa, uye pamusoro peiyi nhamba vari yakasimba (zvakafanana namo).
Kuva dense pasi pemvura, vanowanzo tenderera pamusoro payo. Kazhinji, alkanes hainyungudike mumvura uye inogadziriswa mune organic solvents. Ivo vanopa yakakwira degree rekushandisa simba.
Iyo alkanes vanozivikanwa nekuve makemikari makemikari eakanyanyakusashanda zvakanaka, ndosaka vachizivikanwawo se "parafini" (muchiLatin, parum affinis zvinoreva "hukama hwakaderera"). Mhedzisiro inonyanya kukosha iyo alkanes inogona kuitiswa ndeye kupisa, kugadzira kupisa, kabhoni dhayokisaidhi uye mvura muhupo hweoksijeni.
Alkanes ndiyo hwaro hweakakosha akasiyana maitiro ekuita ane hukama neakakosha maindasitiri maitiro, achive ari echinyakare mafuta. Ivo zvakare vanoonekwa seyekupedzisira zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu maitiro senge methanogenic Fermentation inoitwa nevamwe microorganisms.
Mienzaniso yealkanes
Tichataura makumi maviri alkanes, kusanganisira mamwe anozivikanwa mitsara uye matavi, kusvika kumagumo erondedzero:
- Chloroform (zita rinoshamisira re trichloromethane; CHCl3) - mhute yechinhu ichi yaishandiswa seanesthetic munguva yakapfuura. Yakamitiswa nekuda kwechikonzero ichi nekuti yakawanikwa ichikuvadza nhengo dzakakosha, dzakadai sechiropa kana itsvo. Kushandiswa kwaro nhasi zvakanyanya senge solvent kana kutonhora.
- Methane (CH4) - iyi alkane yakapusa pane dzose: inoumbwa neatomu imwe chete yekabhoni uye ina hydrogen. Iyo igasi inoitika zvakasikwa nekuora kweakasiyana masisitimu epasi, uye ndicho chikamu chikuru chegasi rechisikigo. Munguva dzichangopfuura yakave ichizivikanwa seimwe yemagasi anopa zvakanyanya kune izvo zvinonzi greenhouse athari.
- Octane (C8H18) - iyi sere-kabhoni alkane uye yakakosha zvikuru sezvo ichisarudzira mhando yekupedzisira yenaphthas, inova musanganiswa we akasiyana mahydrocarbon. Hunhu uhwu hunoyerwa nenhamba ye octane kana octane yemafuta, iyo inotora sereferensi yakadzikira (index 100) uye inodonhedza (index 0).
- Hexane (C6H14) - yakakosha solvent, inhalation inofanirwa kudzivirirwa, sezvo iri chepfu zvakanyanya.
- Butane (C4H10) - pamwechete nepropane (C3H8). Kudzorerwa peturu kana dhiziri neLPG semafuta kuri kuwedzera kusimudzirwa, sezvo iri hydrocarbon ine hunyanzvi mukubuditsa chete carbon dioxide nemvura mumoto wayo.
- Icosano - ndizvo zvinodaidzwa kuti makumi maviri-kabhoni alkane (chirevo chekutanga 'ico' zvinoreva makumi maviri)
- Cyclopropane - yaimboshandiswa seanesthetic
- n heptane - Iyi alkane ndiyo inotorwa senge chirevo cheiyo zero poindi ye octane chiyero chepeturu, iyo inogona kunge isinganyanyo kudikanwa, sezvo ichipisa zvine mutsindo. Inowanikwa kubva muresitini yemamwe miriwo.
- 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane (C9H20)
- 2-methylbutane
- 3-chloro-4-n-propylheptane
- 3,4,6-trimethyl heptane
- 1-phenyl 1-bromoethane
- 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
- 5-isopropyl-3-methylnonane
- bicyclopropane
- 1-bromopropane
- 3-methyl-5-n-propyloctane
- 5-n-butyl-4,7-diethyldecane
- 3,3-dimethyl decane
Inogona kukushandira:Mienzaniso yeHydrocarbon
