Zvemukati
A graphic chiratidziro chekufananidzira chinoratidza pfungwa uye hukama. Statistical mairafu anotora edzidziso kana manhamba dhata uye anoratidza hukama uhwo data ihwohwu hune mumwe nemumwe. Kune akawanda marudzi emifananidzo zvichienderana nerudzi rweruzivo iwe rwaunoda kurodha pasi, semuenzaniso: machati machati, mapati machati, kumwaya machati.
Graphics chishandiso chakakosha mune huwandu. Vanodzikamisa huwandu hweruzivo munzvimbo diki, iyo inofambisa kuverenga uye kuenzanisira iyo data nenzira inokurumidza uye yakapusa. Ivo vanokwanisa kuendesa manejimendi, huwandu hwevanhu, sainzi, ruzivo rwehunyanzvi. Semuyenzaniso: mhedzisiro yesarudzo dzenyika kana dzematunhu masimba, kutengesa kwekambani, data rehuwandu hwevanhu, hukama pakati pekumhanyisa uye nekuchimbidza.
Chart mhando
Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemagrafu, sarudzo yemhando yegirafu yekushandisa inoenderana nerudzi rwe data iripo (yepamusoro kana huwandu) uye huwandu hweruzivo.
- Cartesian girafu. Ndiyo yakakosha chati chati. Inodaidzwa kuti Cartesian mukuremekedza René Descartes, muzivi wechiFrench uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu. Aya mairafu anorondedzera akasununguka akasarudzika pane X axis (abscissa) ine zviyero zvinoenderana neY axis (akagadza) pane system yematareti akaenzana anosangana panzvimbo yekutanga. Semuyenzaniso: bhaa, mutsetse, kana kumwaya machati.
- Graphics mune geometric zviyero. Iwo mavara anoitwa mune akasiyana ejometri manhamba. Semuyenzaniso: pie kana pie chati, bubble chati, kana machati machati.
- Cartograms. Idzo zviverengero zvemifananidzo zvinotora ruzivo pamepu.
Mamwe machati akaomesesa, kusanganisira, semuenzaniso, maviri maY-axis masystem, kukanganisa mabara, matatu-mativi anomiririra, akaunganidza data.
Statistical graph graph mienzaniso
- Mutsara girafu
Iyo girafu girafu inoshandiswa kuratidza kuti shanduko inoshanduka sei nekufamba kwenguva. Mune mhando yegrafu iyi, seti yemapoinzi inosunganidzwa nenzira dzemitsara yakatwasuka iyo, pakati payo yese, inokwanisa kuratidza zvakanyanya kana zvishoma mashandiro enguva dzose ehunhu hwechimwe chinhu maererano nechimwe chinoshanduka. Semuenzaniso, inogona kushandiswa kuratidza kuti avhareji tembiricha yeguta yakachinja sei mumakore mashanu apfuura.
Kugadzira girafu yemutsara pabepa, iwo matemo maviri anofanirwa kudhonzwa achiatumidza iwo nemusiyano wavanomiririra. Semuenzaniso: X: mwedzi yegore; Y: kutonhora. Wobva waisa iwo marange uye chiyero cheimwe neimwe inoshanduka. Maka chiratidzo chega chega cheruzivo nepfungwa uye ubatanidze iwo mapoinzi netara.
- Graphic yemubhawa
Mumabhawa kana machati machati, imwe neimwe kukosha paiyo X axis inoenderana nekukosha pane Y axis inotarisa kukwirira kwekoramu. Izvo zvakakosha kwazvo pakuenzanisa hukuru. Semuenzaniso, huwandu hwevagari veguta hunogona kumiririrwa zvinoenderana nezera renzvimbo.
Kugadzira girafu yemutsara, iwo matemo maviri anofanirwa kudhonzwa achiatumidza nemazita anomiririra. Semuenzaniso: X: zera renji; Y: nhamba yevagari. Wobva waisa chiyero uye chiyero chemusiyano wega wega uye dhonza mabara ekubatanidza ruzivo kubva kune ese ari maviri misiyano.
- Chati chati
Iyo zvakare inonzi pie chati, inoratidza kugoverwa kweakapihwa yakazara muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Icho chishandiso chakakosha chezviitiko mune iyo mhedziso inozivikanwa, uye chakakosha kuziva nzira iyo iyo yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakawanda. Semuenzaniso, iyo muzana yemavhoti akawanikwa bato rega rega rezvematongerwo enyika musarudzo rinogona kumiririrwa.
Kuti ugadzire chati yetai unofanira kutora denderedzwa nekambasi. Dhirowa nharaunda yedenderedzwa uye neprotractor verenga inotevera data. Penda yega yega yega keke neruvara.
- Paradzira zano
Iyo inoshandiswa chete muzviitiko zvemaviri akarairwa, nechinangwa chekuziva mhando yehukama hwakagadzwa pakati pezvakasiyana. Hukama hwese hunowonekwa pakati pekusiyana kweimwe axis neiyo yeimwe inomiririrwa nemapoinzi, uye inofananidzwa neimwe tsika. Pano, zvichienzaniswa neyakajairika maitiro. Inogona kushandiswa, semuenzaniso, kutonga kwemhando yeimwe chigadzirwa.
- Chati yakatarwa yenzvimbo
Iyo inoshandiswa muzviitiko apo iwe uchida panguva imwe chete kufukidza yakasarudzika basa remakarati machati (enzanisa huwandu hwakazara) uye mapati machati (ratidza kugoverwa kweiyo inozivikanwa yakazara). Panguva imwe chete izvo zvinhu zviviri zvinoitwa, zvichiratidza kugoverwa mureangle pane kuita denderedzwa.
Rudzi rwegirafu runogona kushandiswa, semuenzaniso, kugrafu vhiki nevhiki, pamwedzi kana pagore kutengesa kweimwe chigadzirwa.
- Kuchinja kwemagrafu
Rudzi urwu rwegirafu rinoshandiswa kuratidza hukuru asiwo shanduko dzavakave nadzo, uye yavo yekupedzisira kusangana nekugadziriswa. Kureba kwetambo ndiko kunotsanangura iko kuchinjika.
Iko kuchinjika girafu inoshandiswa, kusvika padanho rakakura, kugrafu kuchinjika mumusika wehupfumi.
- Spider graphic
Izvo zvakajairika kune zviitiko zvekuongororwa kwemhedzisiro, uko kusiyanisa kwega kwega kune yakanyanya. Iyo geometric chimiro inogadzirwa neyekuwandisa kwakanyanya sezvo paine misiyano yekufananidzwa uye mapoinzi ehunhu anozivikanwa akabatanidzwa.
Rudzi rwegirafu runogona kushandiswa, semuenzaniso mune ino kesi, kuratidza huwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvinotumirwa kune dzimwe nyika muna 2011 na2012 muFrance, Brazil, United States, China, Japan neGerman.
- Yakabatanidzwa bha chati
Muchikamu chebhawa chakabatanidzwa, bha chati rimwe chete rinoshandiswa kuratidza akati wandei panguva imwe chete. Pamutengo wega wega "x" pane huwandu hwakawanda hwe "y". Iyo inofanirwa kuitwa nenzira yakarongeka ine mavara akasiyana, uye inofanirwa kutariswa kuti pano huwandu hwacho hahuwanzo kunzwisiswa nenzira kwayo nekuwedzera iwo mapato, zvinoitika nenzvimbo dzakaturikidzana.
Rudzi rwegirafu runogona kushandiswa kugrafu, semuenzaniso mune iyi kesi, huwandu hwevakadzi nevarume hwakakamurwa nezera renzvimbo mune yakapihwa ndima. Iyi graph inotibvumidza kuyera maviri akasiyana panguva imwechete (varume nevakadzi).
- Chati chePiramidhi
Iyo piramidhi chati inobvumidza panguva imwe chete kuratidza kuwanda kweimwe shanduko muvakadzi nevarume (semuenzaniso, zera). Paunenge uchikwira kumusoro, iyo frequency inoderera uye iyo graph inotora chimiro che piramidhi.
Inoshandiswa kazhinji kurasa huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu.
- Kakawanda polygon
Iyo inokutendera iwe kuti utsanangure maitiro epasirese nekubatana nepakati pemapoinzi eiyo frequency yenguva yega yega pane bar bar (kirasi mamaki).
Izvo zvinogadzirwa kubva kune frequency histogram (yakatwasuka makoramu). Ivo vanozivikanwa zvakanyanya musainzi yemunhu uye yemagariro pane masayendisiti chaiwo uye chaiwo.
- Cartograms
Iwo mavara akagadzirwa pamamepu. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemamaki kana mareferenzi anoshandiswa zvinoratidza mhedzisiro yakatenderedza imwe mamiriro kana chiitiko.
Semuenzaniso: vhoti yesarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika nedunhu kana dunhu.
- Enderera ne: Vector uye scalar yakawanda
