Zvemukati
Iyo periodic tafura yezvinhu Iyo igirafu (tafura) umo makemikari ese anozivikanwa nevanhu akarongwa, akarongedzwa zvinoenderana nenhamba yemaatomu (mapurotoni), gadziriso yemagetsi uye mamwe makemikari zvivakwa.
Icho chinhu chakakosha chepfungwa chidzidzo chekudzidza icho chine yekutanga vhezheni yakaburitswa muna 1869 naiye wemakemikari weRussia Dmitri Mendeleev, uye iyo yakagadziridzwa pamusoro pemakore sezvo zvinhu zvitsva zvemakemikari zvakawanikwa uye maitiro ari pasi pezvivakwa zvavo akanzwisiswa zvirinani.
Iyo yazvino periodic tafura yakarongedzwa mumitsara minomwe (yakatwasuka) inonzi nguva uye mumakoramu gumi nemasere (akatwasuka) akadaidzwa mapoka kana mhuri. Zvemakemikari zvinhu zvakarongedzwa zvinoenderana nezvavanazvo kubva kuruboshwe kurudyi uye kumusoro kusvika pasi, mukudzikira kwekuraira kwenhamba dzeatomu yavo.
Onawo: Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvemakemikari kubva patafura ye periodic
Mapoka etafura ye periodic
Akaverengerwa 1 kusvika pa18 kubva kuruboshwe kurudyi, azvino mazita eboka anosarudzwa neencencature IUPAC yakatenderwa muna 1988 kubatanidza mhando dzakasiyana dzezita dzaivapo. Nhengo dzeboka rega rega dzine mamiriro akafanana emagetsi uye iyo valence yakafanana (maerekitironi munharaunda yekupedzisira), saka ivo vane akafanana makemikari zvivakwa.
Kune aya anotevera mapoka ezvinhu, maererano neIPUP:
- Boka 1 (IA). Simbi dzese dzealkali, kunze kwehydrogen, iyo kunyangwe ichidomwa muboka iri gasi. Zvinhu zvacho chikamu chemhuri: lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), potasium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), francium (Fr). Ivo vane yakaderera kwazvo densities, iwo akanaka anotumira ekupisa nemagetsi, uye haatombo kuwanikwa akasununguka mune zvakasikwa, asi panzvimbo pezvo mune zvinowirirana nezvimwe zvinhu.
- Boka 2 (IIA). Izvo zvinonzi alkaline pasi simbi zvakaomarara kupfuura izvo zvine alkaline, yakajeka uye yakanaka magetsi makondakita, kunyangwe iri shoma yekuita uye yakanaka kwazvo kudzikisira vamiririri (oxidants). Mhuri iyi ine: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) uye radium (Ra).
- Boka 3 (IIIB). Ivo vanoumba iyo scandium mhuri, kunyangwe mune mazhinji emapoka ari muchikamu "d" chetafura (mapoka 3 kusvika ku12, kusanganisira actinium nepasi risingawanzo) hapana chibvumirano chakazara maererano nehurongwa hwakanaka. Mhuri iyi inoumbwa nescandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum kana lutetium (La) uye actinium (Ac), yakasimba, inopenya uye inoshanda zvakanyanya, yakafanana muzvivakwa nealuminium.
Izvo zvinonzi "zvisingawanzo pasi" kana zvemukati shanduko zvinhu zvakare zveboka iri: iyo lanthanides (kana lanthanoids) uye actinides (kana actinoids), ayo anowanikwa mune yepazasi block yetafura. Lanthanides ndeaya: Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium ( Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), Lutetium (Lu). Iwo ma actinides ndeaya: thorium (Th), proactinium (Pa), uranium (U), neptunium (Np), plutonium (Pu), americium (Am), curium (Cm), berkelium (Bk), californium (Cf), einsteinium (Es), fermium (Fm), mendelevium (Md), nobelium (Kwete) uye lawrencio (Lr). Kubva neptunium zvichienda mberi ivo havana kugadzikana isotopu dzakagadzirwa nemunhu.
- Boka 4 (IVB). Iyo inonzi titanium mhuri inoumbwa neyezvinhu titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), Hafnium (Hf) naRutherfordium (Rf), yekupedzisira inogadzira uye ine radioactive, saka dzimwe nguva haina kutarisirwa. Idzo simbi dzinoshanda zvakanyanya, saka mune kumwe kuratidzira vanogona kubva vangotsvuka nekutsamwa nekungosangana neoksijeni iri mumhepo.
- Boka 5 (VB). Mhuri yevanadium (V), zvine musoro zvichitungamirwa nechinhu ichi uye ichiperekedzwa neNiobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta) uye dubnium (Db), iyo yekupedzisira inogadzirwa chete mumarabhoritari. Iwo akasimba patembiricha yekamuri, sirivheri muvara, uye inoita kupisa nemagetsi.
- Boka 6 (VIB). Iyo chromium (Cr) mhuri, inoumbwa nemolybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W) uye seaborgium (Sg), akasimba ane huwandu hwakanyunguduka uye hwekupisa, makondakita ekupisa nemagetsi, anodzivirira zvakanyanya kuora uye chaiwo ma reagents.
- Boka 7 (VIIB). Mumhuri iyi mune manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc) uye rhenium (Re), pamwe nechinhu chine atomic nhamba 107, bohrium (Bh). Iyo yekupedzisira yakagadziriswa kekutanga muna 1981, haina kugadzikana zvakanyanya saka iyo hafu-hupenyu ingori 0.44 masekondi. Kazhinji, rhenium uye technetium zvakare zvakanyanya zvisingawanzo zvinhu, zvekupedzisira zvinoshaya mafomu akagadzikana, nepo manganese yakajairika muchimiro.
- Boka 8 (VIIIB). Mhuri ye Iron (Fe) inosanganisira Ruthenium (Ru), Osmium (Os) uye Hassium (Hs). Iyo yekupedzisira yaizivikanwa sa Unniloctio uye yakagadziriswa muna 1984 kekutanga; yakanyorwa pakati pezvinhu zvinokakavadzana 104 kusvika ku108, iro zita remazita rakabvunzwa. Izvo zvinhu zvinogadzirisa zvinhu, akanaka makondakita ekupisa nemagetsi uye, mune yesimbi, magineti.
- Boka 9 (VIIIB). Mhuri iyi ndeyeye cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir) uye meitnerium (Mt). Sezvazvakaita muboka rapfuura, yekutanga ferromagnetic uye inomiririra zvivakwa zvemhuri, uye yekupedzisira inogadzirwa, saka haisipo mumasikirwo. Isotope yaro yakatsiga, kutaura zvazviri, inotora makore gumi.
- Boka 10 (VIIIB). Pamwe chete nemapoka 8 ne9, mhuri iyi yakaumbwa mushanduro dzakapfuura dzePeriodic Tafura boka rimwe chete rezvinhu. Dzazvino shanduro dzakavaparadzanisa, uye iyi inotungamirwa nenickel (Ni), iyo inofambidzana nePalladium (Pd), Platinum (Pt) uye Darmstadtium (Ds). Izvo zvakajairika simbi mune zvakasikwa fomu yepakutanga, kunyangwe nickel, iri inonyanya kugadzikana, inogona kuwanikwa mune chiwanikwa (mune mamwe meteorites, kunyanya). Zvinhu zvavo zvinogadzirisa zvinoita kuti simbi iyi ive yakakosha kupihwa indasitiri yemuchadenga.
- Boka 11 (IB). Iyo inonzi yemhangura (Cu) mhuri yakaumbwa nesimbi yakakosha goridhe (Au) uye sirivheri (Pb). Ivo vanozivikanwa zvakare se "mari yesimbi". Izvo hazvishande, zvakaoma kuora, zvakapfava uye zvinonyanya kubatsira kumunhu.
- Boka 12 (IIB). Boka iri rine inonzi mhuri yeZinc (Zn), yakaita se cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) uye copernicium (Cn), yaimbonzi ununbium. Idzo simbi dzakapfava (kutaura zvazviri, mercury ndiyo chete simbi yemvura pane tembiricha yemukamuri), diamagnetic uye divalent, ine poindi dzakadzika kwazvo dzesimbi dzese. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti zinc inodikanwa kwazvo kune kemesitiri yehupenyu, nepo cadmium nemekiyuri zvichidhakwa zvakanyanya. Copernicium, yechikamu chayo, chinhu chakagadzirwa chakagadzirwa muna 1996.
- Boka 13 (IIIA). Zvinhu izvi zvinozivikanwa sepasi, nekuti zvakawandisa muvhu, kunyanya aluminium. Iboka rinotungamirwa na boron (Br), inova simbi, uyezve aruminiyamu (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In) uye thallium (Ta), ichiwedzera simbi sezvo ichidzika muchikamu. Uye kunyangwe borium iine kuomarara kwakanyanya uye isiri yesimbi zvimiro, mamwe acho akapfava uye anogona kuumbika simbi dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya nemunhu.
- Boka 14 (VAT). Izvo zvinhu zvine kabhoniidhi, zvine musoro zvinotungamirwa nekabhoni (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn) uye lead (Pb), zvese zvinozivikanwa uye zvakapararira zvinhu, kunyanya chekutanga, chakakosha kumakemikari ese e hupenyu. Sezvo munhu anodzika pasi mumhuri, zvakadaro, zvinhu zvinowana simbi zvinhu, kusvika pakuti kabhoni isiri yesimbi, silicon uye germanium semi-simbi, uye maviri ekupedzisira ari esimbi zvakajeka.
- Boka 15 (VA). Ndiro boka re nitrogenoidal element, rakatungamirwa sezita raro rinoratidzwa ne nitrogen (N), ipapo phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi) uye muscovium (Mc), chinhu chakagadzirwa. Ivo vanozivikanwa zvakare sepannogen kana nitrogenoid, ivo vanoita zvakanyanya patembiricha yakakwira uye mazhinji akakosha kune organic chemistry.
- Boka 16 (VIA). Inodaidzwa kuti chalcogens kana amphigens, ivo vari mumhuri yeoksijeni (O), inoteverwa nesarufa (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te) uye polonium (Po). Ivo vanozivikanwa nekuve nematanhatu emagetsi emagetsi, kunyangwe izvo zvivakwa zvavo zvichisiyana kubva kune isiri-simbi kuenda kusimbi sezvo nhamba yavo yeatomu ichiwedzera. Pane tembiricha yemukati, oxygen igasi, inoshanda zvakanyanya nekuda kwehukuru hwayo, nepo dzimwe dzese dzakasimba uye dzisinganyanye kuitika muchisikigo.
- Boka 17 (VIIA). Mhuri ye halogen, zita rinouya kubva pakujaira kwayo kugadzira munyu (halides). Izvi zvinokonzerwa nenyaya yekuti zvinowanzoita diatomic mamorekuru esimba rakakosha rehydidizing, rinovatungamira kuti vagadzire maononegative ion. Naizvozvo, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemakemikari uye mukugadzirwa kwemarabhoritari. Izvi zvinhu fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), ayodini (I), astate (At) uye tenese (Ts), yekupedzisira iri zvakare simbi yeboka f.
- Boka 18 (VIIIA). Inozivikanwa semagasi akanakisa kana gasi inert, iwo zvinhu zvekudzikisira zvakanyanya reactivity, ayo anowanzo kuwanikwa se monatomic, isina kunhu, isina ruvara, isina gasi magasi, achiumba mashoma uye akasarudzika makomponi, nekuti yavo elekitironi goko rakwana. Izvi zvinhu helium (Iye), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn), uye oganeson (Og). Aya maviri ekupedzisira akanyanya: radon ine radioactive uye haina yakagadzikana isotopu, ndosaka ichirarama chete mazuva 3,8; nepo oganeson iri rezvigadzirwa zvekutanga uye chinhu chakanyanya kurema chakagadzirwa kusvika zvino.
Periodic Tafura Mabhuroko
Imwe nzira yekunzwisisa iyo periodic tafura iri kuburikidza nemabhuroko ayo, ari mana:
- Bvisa s. Inosanganisira maviri ekutanga mapoka, ndokuti, alkali uye alkaline pasi simbi, kuwedzera kune hydrogen uye helium.
- Bvisa p. Inosanganisira mapoka matanhatu ekupedzisira, ndiko kuti, kubva pa13 kusvika 18 mune tafura ye periodic uye ese nesimbi yesimbi.
- Bvisa d. Inosanganisira mapoka 3 kusvika ku12 uye ese shanduko simbi.
- Bvisa f. Inosanganisira mashoma epasi: lactanides uye actinides. Iyo haina yayo yega nhamba nhamba, kunyange ichifungidzirwa kuti zvinhu izvi zvingave zve 3.
- Bvisa g. Chinhu chekufungidzira, umo izvo zvinhu zvinogona kugadzirwa mune ramangwana zvaizoenda.
