15 Mienzaniso yeDistillation - Encyclopedia

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Mhando dze distillation
Mienzaniso yedhiri
Dzimwe nzira dzekuparadzanisa masanganiswa

Iyo distillation inzira yekuparadzanisa zvinhu zvinoshandisa shanduko yeiyo vaporization uye iyo condensation, Uchivashandisa zvakasarudzika kubatanidza a kazhinji homogeneous musanganiswa.

Iyo yekupedzisira inogona kunge iine zvinwiwa, a yakasimba yakavhenganiswa negasi remvura kana rakanyoroveswa, sezvo imwe yehunhu hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe ichishandiswa, senge nzvimbo yekubikira.

Nzvimbo yekubikira inonzi tembiricha kune iyo mvura inoshandura mamiriro ayo kuita gaseous (inoputika).

Pamwechete, kuti distillation iitike, musanganiswa unofanirwa kubikwa kusvika panopisa imwe yeiyo zvinhu, ichaitwa muna gaseous nyika kumudziyo wakatonhora umo maunofefetedza nekuwanikwazve kuita kwawo.

Onawo: Mienzaniso yeFusion, Solidification, Evaporation, Sublimation, Condensation

Mhando dze distillation

Kune akatiwandei angangoita marudzi e distillation:

Zvakareruka. Sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro, hazvivimbise zvizere kuchena kwechinhu chakadonhedzwa.
Zvikamu. Inoitwa pachishandiswa chidimbu chechidimbu, icho chinoshandisa mahwendefa akasiyana umo kuyerera uye kuyerera kunoitika zvichiteerana, zvichipa mukana wepamusoro wemhedzisiro.
Kupinda mu void. Inoshandisa mweya wekubvisa ku catalyze iyo distillation maitiro, ichideredza iyo yekubikira nzvimbo yezvinhu nehafu.
Azeotropic. Inoshandiswa kutyora azeotrope, ndiko kuti, a musanganiswa wezvinhu izvo zvinoita seumwe, kugovana kufashaira poindi. Izvo zvinowanzo sanganisira kuvepo kwekuparadzanisa vamiririri uye zvese zvinoitwa maererano nemutemo waRaoult.
Nekupinda kwemhepo. Zvinhu zvisina kugadzikana uye zvisina kugadzikana zvemusanganiswa zvakapatsanurwa kubva kujekiseni yakanangana nemhepo kukurudzira kuparadzaniswa kwemusanganiswa.
Yakaoma. Izvo zvinoenderana nekupisa kwezvinhu zvakaomarara pasina rubatsiro rwemvura inonyungudutsa, kugadzira magasi ayo anozonamira mune imwe mudziyo.
Yakavandudzwa. Iri izita reimwe nzira yekunwisa mvura kana kugadziridza dhayeti.

Mienzaniso yedhiri

Kunatswa kwemafuta. Kuparadzanisa dzakasiyana hydrocarbon uye zvigadzirwa zvepetroleum, imwe nzira yezvidimbu inoitwa inoitisa iyo inobvumidza yega yeaya makemikari kubva kune akachengetedzeka mumatanho akasiyana kana zvikamu, kutanga kubva pakubikwa kwemafuta asina kuchena. Magasi anomuka uye zvinhu zvakawandisa zvakadai setirafu neparafini zvinowira zvakasiyana.
Kubata kunotyisa. Vacuum distillation inowanzoitwa mukugadziriswa kwemafuta, kubva pashongwe shongwe kupatsanura gasi dzakasiyana dzinopihwa mumatanho ekubikisa emafuta. Neiyi nzira kufashaira kwemahydrocarbon anokurumidza.
Kuchenesa kweEthanol. Maitiro ekuparadzanisa ethanol (doro) kubva mumvura inogadzirwa mumarabhoritari inoda dhizaini yeadotropic distillation, umo benzene kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinowedzerwa kusunungura musanganiswa uye kubvumidza kupatsanurwa.
Kutongwawemarasha. Mukuwana mafuta emafuta emvura, marasha kana huni zvinowanzo shandiswa pakaoma distillation maitiro, kuitira kudzikamisa magasi akaburitswa panguva yemoto wavo uye oashandisa mune akasiyana maindasitiri maitiro.
Thermolysis yemaminerari munyu. Imwe yakaoma distillation maitiro, anosanganisira anopisa zvicherwa munyu uye kuwana kubva kwavari, kubva mukubuda uye condensation yemweya, akasiyana zvicherwa zvinhu yepamusoro yezvigadzirwa zvemabhizimusi.
Alembic. Ichi chishandiso, chakagadzirwa muArabhu yechinyakare kuburitsa zvinonhuwira, mishonga nedoro kubva kumichero yakaviriswa, inoshandisa iwo mafirosi ekupinza nekupisa zvinhu mubhaira rayo diki uye kutonhodza magasi anogadzirwa mucoil yakatonhodzwa mumudziyo mutsva.
Kugadzirwa kwezvinonhuwira. Dhiraidhi yemvura distillation inowanzo shandiswa muindasitiri yezvinonhuwira, nemvura inovira uye mamwe marudzi emaruva akachengetedzwa, kuitira kuti uwane gasi rakazadzwa nekunhuhwirira iro, kana ranyungudika, rinogona kushandiswa semvura yepasi. Mune zvinonhuwira.
Kuwana zvinwiwa zvinodhaka. Izvo zvinokwanisika kudzora kuvirisa kwemichero kana zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakasikwa, semuenzaniso, mune alembic. Iko kuvirisa kwakabikwa panosvika 80 ° C, tembiricha iri kufashaira yedoro, uye nekudaro mvura inopatsanurwa, inoramba iri mumudziyo.
Kuwana yakadirwa mvura. Kuchenesa kwakanyanya kwemvura kunoitika kubva pane yekunwa dhizaini iyo inoburitsa zvese zvinogoneka zvirimo. Inowanzo shandiswa mumarabhoritari nemaindasitiri, uye mashandiro akafanana anoshandiswa kuita mvura inonwiwa nekudyiwa nevanhu.
Kuwana maoiri. Iresipi yemafuta akawanda akakosha kufashaidza iyo mbishi zvinhu (muriwo kana mhuka) kudzamara oiri yapera uye wozoigadzirisa mumugumo wakatonhora, kuitira kuti iwanezve kupera kwayo.
Mvura yegungwa desalination. Munzvimbo zhinji musina mvura yekunwa, mvura yegungwa inoshandiswa kunwa, mushure mekunge yadonhedzwa kubvisa munyu, nekuti iyo yekupedzisira haina kubuda kana mvura yacho yadziirwa uye inoramba iri mumudziyo wekutanga.
Kuwana pyridine. Mvura isina ruvara ine hwema hunonyangadza, pyridine chinhu chakafanana nebenzini, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri, zvinodhaka, dhayi uye indasitiri yemushonga. Iyo inowanzo kuwanikwa kubva kune distillation yemafuta akawanikwa, zvakare, kubva kune inoparadza distillation yemapfupa.
Kuwana shuga. Kubva kukokonati nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa, mamwe mashuga anogona kuwanikwa ne distillation iyo inobvisa mvura nekupwa uye inobvumira iwo makristasi eshuga kuti arambe aripo.
Kuwana glycerin. Maitiro ekuwana glycerin yekuzvigadzira anosanganisira distillation yesipo masara, nekuti chinhu ichi chinobva mukukanganiswa kwevamwe lipids (seKrebs kutenderera).
Kuwana acetic acid. Ichi chinobva muvhiniga chine akawanda mashandisirwo mumaindasitiri emishonga, emifananidzo uye ezvekurima, uye distillation ine basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwayo, nekuti inogadzirwa pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina kusimba zvakadai sefomu acid uye formaldehyde.