Zvemukati
Iyo zvisaririra ndeavo vane mavambo ekutanga kune huremu hwezvinhu zvakasikwa (biomass) vakaburitsa mamirioni emakore apfuura uye vakavigwa munzvimbo dzepasi pevhu, uko kumanikidza, tembiricha uye zvimwewo zvemuviri-zvemakemikari zvakaiswa kune yakadzika shanduko maitiro ane mhedzisiro, chaizvo, zvinhu zvesimba rakakura zvemukati.
Ivo vanogona kukushandira iwe:
- Mienzaniso yeHydrocarbon
- Mienzaniso yeZvekuvandudzwa Zviwanikwa
- Mienzaniso yeZviwanikwa Zvisingawedzerwe
- Mienzaniso Yematambudziko Ezvakatipoteredza
Mafuta emafuta ndeemagetsi Isingadzorekezve, sezvo izvozvi zvichidyiwa pamwero unokurumidza kupfuura zvavakatora kuita.
Simba rakawanda rinoshandiswa munyika nhasi rinouya kubva mukupisa kwemhando idzi dzezvinhu, zvese kugadzira magetsi uye chikafu maindasitiri makemikari, akadai sekuparadzira mota, dzimba dzekuvhenekera, kubika kana kudziisa dzimba.
Kunwa kwepasirese kwakadaro kunokonzerwa nezviri nyore kutora, iyo zvakawanda zviripo zviripo zvepasirese uye mutengo wayo wehupfumi uye tekinoroji yakapusa, zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzesimba kana dzisingabatsiri.
Nekudaro, kupisa kwemafuta kunogadzira magasi ane chepfu muhuwandu (kabhoni monoxide, magasi ane sarufa, carcinogen, nezvimwewo) uye ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo huru kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze mukutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri nemasere.
Kune mafuta mana anozivikanwa:
Marasha
Ichi chicherwa mhedzisiro ye sedimentation ye prehistoric chirimwa chinosara (Inofungidzirwa kuti iyo Carboniferous nguva, anenge mazana emamirioni mazana matatu emakore apfuura) munzvimbo dzakaderera dzeoksijeni uye yakanyanya kumanikidza uye tembiricha.
Maitiro akadaro e zvicherwa Kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwekabhoni, inoburitsa solid ine yakakwira simba coefficient, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwesimba uye mune indasitiri yezvinhu (mapurasitiki, maoiri, madhayi, nezvimwewo).
Kune mana makuru marudzi emarasha: peat, lignite, marasha, uye anthracite, akarongedzwa pano kubva pasi kusvika kumusoro soro kabhoni zvemukati. Iyi nyaya yakaita chinzvimbo chakakosha muIndustry Revolution uye nekuvandudzwa kwemhepo matekinoroji, kudzamara yatorwa nemafuta. Matura makuru emarasha ari muUS, Russia neChina.
Gasi rechisikigo
Icho musanganiswa wakareruka we hydrocarbon gaseous, inoburitswa kubva kune yakazvimirira deposits (yemahara) kana kubva kumafuta kana marasha akachengetwa (akabatanidzwa).
Muzviitiko zvese izvi, inogadzirwa neanaerobic kuora (pasina kuvapo kwe oxygen) yezvinhu zvakasikwa uye iri inoparadzaniswa muzvikamu zvayo zvikuru uye zvinoshandiswa, senge methane (inopfuura 90% yezviri mukati mayo, kazhinji), ethane (inosvika 11%), propane (inosvika 3.7%), butane (isingasviki 0.7%), pamwe ne nitrogen uye carbon dioxide, pakati peimwe inert magasi, zvisaririra zvesarufa nemarara.
Iyo main gasi chaiwo akachengetedzwa pasi rose riri kuMiddle East (kusvika pa43% yepasirese yepasi, kunyanya muIran neQatar), uye kuva mafuta anoshanduka-shanduka uye nekusvibisa zvishoma kupfuura mamwe mafuta (mashoma emhepo CO22), Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya sosi yesimba (kunyanya yakadzvinyirirwa Gasi Rezvakasikwa uye Liquefied Natural Gasi) uye senge caloric sosi, zvese mudzimba uye mumaindasitiri uye nzira dzekutakura.
Liquefied peturu yegesi
LPG musanganiswa kunyanya wepropane uye butane, iripo mune gasi rechisikigo kana kutoputswa mumafuta asina kuchena, ayo ane hunhu hwekuve nyore kudonha (yakashandurwa kuita mvura).
Iwo anowanzoitwa-chibereko cheicho chinokamura chidimbu chidhiringi (kana FCC) yepeturu, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya semafuta epamba, kupihwa kugona kwavo kwecaloriki uye kuchengetedzeka, uye mukuwana olefini (alkenes) yeindasitiri yepurasitiki.
Petroleum
Mvura ine mafuta, yakasviba uye gobvu musanganiswa weakaomesesa mahydrocarbon asingasviki mumvura (parafini, naphthenes uye aromatics), yakaumbwa mumatangi ehumwe hwakadzama (pakati pemamita mazana matanhatu nemazana mashanu emamirimita) munzvimbo dzevhu.
Kunge mamwe mafuta echisaririra, icho chigadzirwa che kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa (zooplankton uye algae zvakanyanya) mune anoxic pasi pemakungwa uye makungwa echinyakare yekare, yakazovigwa pasi pezvikamu zvevhu pakumanikidza kukuru uye tembiricha. Tichifunga nezvekudzikira kwavo kwehusimbe uye porosity yemadombo emabwe, aya mahydrocarbon anokwira kumusoro kana akasungwa mumadhipatimendi emafuta.
Iyo Petroleum Yakave ichishandiswa kubvira panguva dzekare seiri mafuta, pigment kana mafuta, asi zvaive zvisati zvaitika kusvika muzana ramakore re19th uye neRevolution Revolution painge pawanikwa coefficient yayo yekumaindasitiri, ichienderera mberi nekushandisa nekushandisa mukugadzira mafuta (peturu, dhiziri, parafini) yekushandisa mota kana magetsi, uye se mbishi zvinhu muindasitiri yemakemikari uye yezvinhu.
Parizvino inomiririra imwe yepakati kwazvo maindasitiri uye emari zvikamu mune zveupfumi zvepasirese, zvine kugadzirwa uye kushambadzira kushanduka kuri kuita kukanganisa kuyerwa kwepasirese kwehupfumi hwevanhu.
Chinyorwa che Zvigadzirwa zvePetroleum yakakura kwazvo, kubva kuma polyesters nemapurasitiki kuenda kumagasi anopisa uye zvinwiwa, zvinonyungudika, pigments uye yakareba kwazvo etcetera.
Nekudaro, kubviswa kwayo uye kushandiswa kwayo kunomiririra dambudziko rakakomba rezvakatipoteredza yakapihwa kusagadzikana kwayo mumvura, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kuchenesa kana dzadeuka, uye ichipa kugadzirwa kwakanyanya kwezvinhu zvine chepfu izvo kupisa kwayo kunosanganisira: lead, carbon dioxide, monoxide of carbon, sarufa oxides, nitrous oxides uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokuvadza kuhupenyu uye kune ecological muyero wepasi.
- Mienzaniso yeHydrocarbon
- Mienzaniso yeZvekuvandudzwa Zviwanikwa
- Mienzaniso yeZviwanikwa Zvisingawedzerwe
- Mienzaniso yeNjodzi Dzinongoitika dzega
- Mienzaniso Yematambudziko Ezvakatipoteredza
