Zvemukati
Sezvo neanenge mariphabliki ese eLatin America, iyo Rusununguko rweMexico Yakaumba yakareba nhoroondo, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvemagariro maitiro ayo anogumisa kuburikidza nemaoko kutonga kweSpanish pamusoro penyika ino yeAmerican kondinendi.
Akadaro maitiro Yakatanga nekupinda kweFrance kweSpain kweSpain muna 1808, umo Mambo Fernando VII akagadzwa pachigaro. Izvi zvakashayisa simba huvepo hweSpanish Crown mumakoloni uye yakashandiswa nevhenekeri veAmerica kuzivisa kusateerera kwavo kuna mambo akagadzwa, nokudaro vachitora matanho ekutanga kurusununguko.
Muchiitiko cheMexico, chiratidzo chekutanga chekuzvimiririra pachena ndicho chakanzi "Grito de Dolores", yaGunyana 16, 1810, Zvakaitika muParish yeDolores mudunhu reGuanajuato, apo mupristi Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, pamwe naMamishinari. Juan Allende naJuan Aldama, vakaridza mabhero echechi ndokutaura kuungano kuti ishe kusaziva nekusateerera kweviceregal chiremera cheNew. Speini.
Ichi chiitiko chakatangirwa nekumukira kwemauto muna 1808 vachipesana naViceroy José de Iturrigaray, uyo akazivisa chiremera pasipo mambo chaiye; Asi kunyangwe hazvo coup d'état yakadzvanywa uye vatungamiriri vakasungwa, mhere-mhere yerusununguko yakapararira kumaguta akasiyana eViceroyalty, ichisimbisa zvido zvavo sezvo vakadzipwa uye vachitambudzwa. Nekudaro, vachidaidzira kudzoka kwaFernando VII, vapanduki vakaenda kuzvisungo zvakadzama zvemagariro, sekumiswa kwehuranda.
Muna 1810, mupanduki José María Morelos y Pavon akashevedza matunhu ehurumende kuzvimirira kuCongress yeAnáhuac, uko kwaizopa sangano rekuzvimirira nehurongwa hwaro hwepamutemo. Ichi chiuto chakashongedzwa chakadzikiswa kuita gandanga yehondo kutenderera 1820 uye kuda kupararira, kudzamara kuziviswa kweBumbiro reMitemo reCádiz gore rimwe chetero kwakagumbura chinzvimbo chevakuru veko, uyo kusvika panguva iyoyo anga atsigira Viceroy.
Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, vafundisi nevakuru vakuru veNew Spain vachatsigira pachena kuzvimiririra uye, vachitungamirwa naAgustín de Iturbide naVicente Guerrero, vakabatanidza kurwisa kwevapanduki pasi pechiratidzo chimwechete muPlan yeIguala ya1821. Gore rimwe chetero, rusununguko rweMexico rwaizopera., pamwe nekupinda kweTrigarante Mauto kuMexico City munaGunyana 27.
Zvinokonzera rusununguko rweMexico
- Kubviswa kwaFerdinand VII. Sezvatakambotaura, kutorwa kweSpain nemauto aNapoleon uye kuiswa pachigaro chehama yaNapoleon, José Bonaparte, kwakakonzera kusagutsikana mumakoloni eAmerica, ayo, kare kare asina kugutsikana nezvirambidzo zvebhizimusi zvakatemerwa guta guru, akaona mukana we kuve pachena kupesana neSpanish Crown.
- Kudzvinyirirwa kweiyo caste system. Kurwisana kunogara kuripo kwevaCreoles, mamestizo nemaSpanish muNew Spain, pamwe nekusuwa kwaiitwa nehurongwa hwechigarire vanhu vemunyika nevevarimi, pamwe nemazana matatu emakore ekudzvinyirirwa kweEuropean, ndiyo yaive nzvimbo yakanaka yekuberekesa zvishuwo. uye chishuwo cheshanduko yemagariro chakakonzera kuyedza kwekutanga kwekuchinja.
- Iyo Bourbon shanduko. Humambo hweSpain, kunyangwe hazvo ihwo hwakakura nzvimbo dzeAmerica dzekoloni, haina kubata zvakanaka zviwanikwa uye yakarasikirwa nehupfumi hwenyika yeNyika mukutamisa zvicherwa nehupfumi kuEurope. Kutsvaga kugadzirisa izvozvi gadziriro uye kubatsirikana zvakanyanya kubva kuhupfumi hweNew Spain, dzakateedzana shanduko mukutonga kwekoloni dzakasimudzirwa muzana ramakore rechi18, iro raizoenderera mberi nekushaisa hupenyu hweAmerica uye nekukanganisa zvakananga hupfumi hwevakuru vemo.
- Creole nyika yekuzvipira uye French yakavhenekera mazano. Vakadzidziswa muParis, vaCreole elite vaigamuchira hurukuro dzevanoziva dzeChiedza, dzaibva kuFrance Revolution. Kune izvi zvinofanirwa kuwedzerwa kurwira kwemafungiro pakati pevaMexicoan maCreoles, avo vakasimudzira kutendeka pamusoro pekutendeka kuguta guru, uye nekumusoro kwepeninsular pamusoro penzvimbo dzeAmerica.Uku Creoleism yekuda nyika yakabata chinzvimbo chakakosha mukuparadzira pfungwa dzekuzvimiririra.
- Kuzvimirira kweAmerica. Vavakidzani vepedyo veUnited States, vane rusununguko kubva kuBritain Humambo hwakagadzwa muna 1783, maCreoles eNew Spain vakaona mukukonana uku muenzaniso wekutevera, wakasimudzirwa nekukunda kweChiedza pfungwa pamusoro petsika dzekare dzeumambo dzeEurope.
Mhedzisiro yerusununguko rweMexico
- Kutanga kwekupedzisira kwekoloni uye kutanga kweiyo Humambo hweMexico. Mushure memakore gumi nerimwe ehondo yeRusununguko, kuzvitonga kuzere kweNew Spain kubva mudhorobha repeninsular kwakawanikwa, izvo zvaisazozvizivisa pachena kusvika muna 1836. Kurwira rusununguko kwakaenderera mberi Humambo hwekutanga hweMexico, humambo hweKaturike hwakagara makore maviri chete. vachiti senharaunda yavo ndeiya yeViceroyalty yeSpain yasisipo, uye vachizivisa Agustín de Iturbide samambo. Muna 1823, pakati pemakakatanwa emukati, Mexico yakaparadzaniswa neCentral America uye yakazvizivisa yakazvimiririra Republic.
- Kubviswa kwehuranda, mitero uye bepa rakanamwa. Rusununguko rusununguko rwakaona chiitiko muna 1810 chekuzivisa, kuburikidza ne Chirevo pamusoro pehuranda, gavels uye bepa rakavharwa wemusoro wemauto evapanduki, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, chinangwa chekugumisa hutongi hwevanhu mumabhizinesi.
- Kupera kwenzanga. Kupera kwehutongi hwehutongi hwenzvimbo iyi, hwaisiyanisa vanhu neruvara rweganda uye mavambo edzinza ravo, kwakabvumidza kutanga kwehondo dzekutsiva dzenzanga yekuenzana pamberi pemutemo uye nemikana yakawanda yevanodzvinyirirwa vashoma.
- Hondo pakati peMexico neUnited States. Kushaya simba kwehutongi hutsva hwehurumende yakazvimirira yeMexico aisaziva maitiro ekurwisa zvishuwo zvekuwedzera zveUnited States, ine zvikumbiro zvekubhadharwa kwekuparadzwa kwakaitika kuTexas (iyo yakazvizivisa yakazvimiririra muna 1836 nerubatsiro rweAmerica) panguva Hondo yeRusununguko, yakatungamirwa muna 1846 kumisangano yakaita sehondo pakati penyika mbiri: iyo Kupindira kweAmerica kuMexico. Ikoko, avo vakatanga kuzviratidza sevatsigiri vemasangano akazvimirira eMexico vasina nyadzi vakaba kuchamhembe kwenzvimbo yavo: Texas, California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado neUtah.
- Kushungurudzika kwetariro yekugovana hupfumi. Sedzimwe nyika zhinji dzinodzika dzeAmerica, vimbiso yekugovana zvakanaka kwehupfumi pamwe nemikana yakaenzana yemagariro yakavhiringidzwa nekufumiswa kwevakuru veko, vakarega kuzvidavirira kuSpain asi vachida kuchengetedza chinzvimbo chakanakira sevatungamiriri venharaunda yepashure pekoloni. Izvi zvinotungamira mukukakavadzana kwemukati uye kunetsana kwemukati kwemakore anouya.
