Simbi uye Nonmetals

Zvemukati

• Musiyano uripo pakati pesimbi uye isiri-simbi
• Mienzaniso yesimbi
• Mienzaniso yezvisiri-simbi

Yese nyaya inozivikanwa inozivikanwa maatomu, kubva ku112 makemikari zvinhu izvo zvinoumba iyo tafura ye periodic. Izvi zvinhu zvinomisikidzwa, zvinoenderana nehunhu hwavo uye zvivakwa, mu simbi uye zvisiri-simbi.

Chete makumi maviri neshanu nezvisere nezviviri zvine simbi, kazhinji ichiuya ichibva zvicherwa uye nemagetsi zvivakwa uye nekudyidzana zvakanyatsodzidziswa nemaorganic chemistry. Kune rimwe divi, zvimwe zvese zvakasara, izvo zvisiri zvesimbi, zvakakosha kuhupenyu uye zvinoumba mhando dzakasiyana dzeinozivikanwa organic chinhu.

Musiyano uripo pakati pesimbi uye isiri-simbi

Simbi uye zvisiri-simbi vanozivikanwa mune zvavo zvakakosha zvivakwa nemhando dzadzo dzekugona kuitika.

• Iyo simbi vari, kunze kwemekiyuri, zvakaoma pakushambidzwa kwemukati. Ivo vakajeka, zvimwe kana zvishoma ductile uye nyore kufurirwa, uye ivo vakanaka makondakita emagetsi uye kupisa. Mukubatana ne oxygen kana acids, ivo oxidize uye corrode (kurasikirwa kwemaerekitironi) sezvo yavo yekunze matunhu ane yakaderera kuitika kwemaerekitironi (3 kana mashoma).
• Iyo hapana simbi, pachinzvimbo, ivo vanowanzo kuve makondakita asina kunaka emagetsi uye kupisa, yechitarisiko chakasiyana uye pfungwa dzinonyunguduka kazhinji pazasi pesimbi. Mazhinji aripo chete mu biatomic (molecular) fomula, anogona kunge akapfava sesarufa kana akaomarara sedhaimani, uye anogona kuwanikwa mune chero matatu ematunhu enyaya: gaseous, mvura uye yakasimba. Uyezve, chimiro chavo hachiwanzo kuratidza mwenje uye vanogona kuve nemavara akasiyana.

Chekupedzisira, zvinhu zvesimbi zvinowanzobatanidzwa nehukama hwemagetsi (maoni akachajiwa), nepo zvisiri-zvesimbi zvinoumba mamorekuru akaomarara kuburikidza nezvisungo zvemarudzi akasiyana siyana (hydrogen, peptide, nezvimwewo). Saka iyo makemikari kemisitiri kana hupenyu ndehwo hwekupedzisira, kunyangwe miviri mhenyu yakaumbwa nemusanganiswa wemhando mbiri dzezvinhu.

Mienzaniso yesimbi

1. Iron (Fe). Zvakare inonzi ironIcho chimwe chezvinhu zvakawandisa simbi muguruva repasi, izvo zvinoumba moyo chaiwo wepasi, uko kuri mune yakasviba mamiriro. Iyo inoshamisira chivakwa, kunze kwekuoma kwayo uye brittleness, ndiko kwayo kukuru ferromagnetic kugona. Kuburikidza nekuchisanganisa nekabhoni zvinokwanisika kuwana simbi.
2. Magnesium (Mg). Chinhu chechitatu chepasi chakawanda kwazvo, zvese mumakungwa nekunyungudika mumakungwa, hachimboitika mune zvakasikwa mu yakachena mamiriro, asi seion musalt. Izvo zvakakosha kune hupenyu, zvinoshandiswa kune maalloys uye zvinonyanya kupisa.
3. Ndarama (Au). Iyo yakajeka, yakapfava yero yakakosha simbi iyo isingaite neakawanda makemikari zvinhu kunze kwecyanide, mercury, chlorine, uye bleach. Munhoroondo yese yakaita chikamu chakakosha mutsika dzevanhu, sechiratidzo cheupfumi uye rutsigiro rwemari.
4. Sirivheri (Ag). Imwe yesimbi yakakosha yakachena, inopenya, ductile uye inoumbika, inowanikwa mune zvakasikwa sechikamu chemaminerari akasiyana siyana kana semashanga akachena echinhu, nekuti zvakajairika muvhu. Iyo ndiyo yakanyanya kuitisa kupisa nemagetsi zvinozivikanwa.
5. Aluminium (Al). Chiedza chakareruka, chisiri-ferromagnetic simbi, chechitatu chakanyanya kuwanda pasi. Iyo inokosheswa kwazvo mumaindasitiri nesimbi nesimbi kutengeserana, nekuti kuburikidza nemaalumiki zvinokwanisika kuwana akasiyana ekurwisa kukuru asi anochengetedza kuita kwawo kwakawanda. Ine yakaderera kuwanda uye yakanaka kwazvo kuramba ngura.
6. Nickel (Ni). Yakachena chena simbi ductile uye inogona kuumbika, mukondakita akanaka wemagetsi uye kupisa, pamwe nekuve ferromagnetic. Iyo ndeimwe yesimbi gobvu, pamwe ne iridium, osmium, uye iron. Iyo yakakosha kune hupenyu, sezvo iri chikamu chevakawanda makemikari uye protein.
7. Zingi (Zn). Iyo simbi inoshanduka yakafanana necadmium uye magnesium, inowanzo shandiswa mukugadzirisa nzira, ndiko kuti, kupfeka kwekudzivirira kweimwe simbi. Iyo inopokana chaizvo necold plastiki deformation, ndosaka ichishandiswa pamusoro pe100 ° C.
8. Tungamira (Pb). Chinhu chega chinokwanisa kumisa radioactivity kutungamira. Icho chinhu chakanyanya kusarudzika, chakapihwa yakasarudzika mamorekuru kuchinjika, kureruka kwekunyungudika uye kuomarara kurwisa kune akasimba acids akadai sesulphuric kana hydrochloric.
9. Tin (Sn). Inorema uye yakapusa simbi oxidation, inoshandiswa mune akawanda maalloys kuti ipe kuramba kurwisa. Kana yakakotama, inoburitsa ruzha rwakanyanya kusarudzika rwakanzi "kuchema kwetini."
10. Sodium (Na). Sodium inyoro nyoro, sirivheri yesimbi inowanikwa mugungwa munyu uye mune yemamineral halite. Inonyanya kushanda, inogadziriswa, uye ine chisimba chinotyisa kana ichivhenganiswa nemvura. Icho chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvezvinhu zvinozivikanwa zvipenyu.

Mienzaniso yezvisiri-simbi

1. Hydrogen (H). Chinhu chakajairika uye chakazara muchadenga, iri gasi rinowanikwa mumhepo (se diatomic molecule H.₂) sekuve chikamu chehukuru hwakawanda hwe organic makemikari, uye zvakare kupisa nekusanganiswa mumoyo wenyeredzi. Ichowo zvakare chinhu chakareruka, chisina hwema, chisina kuchena uye hachinyungudike mumvura.
2. Okisijeni (O). Yakakosha pahupenyu uye inoshandiswa nemhuka kune avo maitiro ekuwana simba (kufema), iri gasi (O₂) fomu rinoshanda kwazvo oxides iine angangoita ese zvinhu zvetafura ye periodic kunze kwemweya wakanaka. Inoumba ingangoita hafu yekukura kwevhu uye yakakosha pakuonekwa kwemvura (H₂KANA).
3. Carbon (C). Iyo yepakati elementi yeese organic chemistry, yakajairika kune ese anozivikanwa zvipenyu uye chikamu cheanopfuura mamirioni gumi nematanhatu makomputa anochida icho. Inowanikwa mune zvakasikwa nenzira nhatu dzakasiyana: kabhoni, grafiti, uye madhaimani, ayo ane huwandu hwakaenzana hweatomu, asi akarongwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Pamwe chete neoksijeni inogadzira kabhoni dhayokisaidhi (CO₂) yakakosha kune photosynthesis.
4. Sarufa (S). Chinhu chakapfava, chakawanda uye chiine hwema hwehunhu, zvakajairika kune chiitiko cheanenge ese zvisikwa zvipenyu, uye zvakawandisa mumakomo anoputika. Yero uye isingasviki mumvura, zvakakosha kune hupenyu hwehupenyu uye hunonyanya kubatsira mumaindasitiri maitiro.
5. Phosphorus (P). Kunyangwe zvisati zvambove mune yemuno nyika mune zvakasikwa, icho chikamu chakakosha chemakemikari akawanda uye eiyo zvipenyuseDNA neRNA, kana ATP. Iyo inoshanda zvakanyanya uye kana ikasangana neoksijeni inoburitsa mwenje.
6. Nitrogen (N). Kazhinji diatomic gasi (N₂) inoumba 78% yemhepo mumhepo uye irimo mune akawanda makemikari zvinhu zvakaita seammonia (NH₃), kunyangwe iri yakaderera reactivity gasi ichienzaniswa nehydrogen kana oxygen.
7. Helium (Iye). Chechipiri chinowanzoitika chinhu muchadenga, kunyanya sechigadzirwa cheiyo stellar fusion yehydrogen, kubva pazvinhu zvinorema zvinomuka. Zviri nezve Gasi rakanakandiko kuti, zveinenge zero reactivity, isina ruvara, isina hwema uye yakajeka, inowanzo shandiswa se kuputira kana sefriji, mune yayo mvura fomu.
8. Chlorine (Cl). Chlorine mune yayo yakachena fomu ine inotyisa kwazvo yero yero gasi (Cl) ine hwema husingafadzi. Zvisinei, yakawanda mumasikirwo uye chikamu chezvinhu zvakawanda zvakasikwa uye zvisina kujairika, mazhinji acho akakosha pahupenyu. Pamwe pamwe nehydrogen, inogadzira hydrochloric acid (HCl), imwe yeane simba kwazvo aripo.
9. Iodine (I). Element yeboka re halogen, haina kunyatsoita uye electronegative, kunyangwe iyo inoshandiswa mukurapa, muhunyanzvi hwemapikicha uye seyakajeka. Kunyangwe iri isiri yesimbi, ine curious metallic hunhu uye inoshanda kune mercury nesarufa.
10. Selenium (Se). Isina kubhururuka mumvura nedoro, asi yakanyungudika muether uye kabhoni disulfide, chinhu ichi chine mafotoelectric zvivakwa (inoshandura mwenje kuita magetsi) uye chikamu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwegirazi. Ichowo zvinovaka muviri kumarudzi ese ehupenyu, akakosha kune akawanda maamino acids uye aripo mune zvakawanda zvekudya.