20 Mienzaniso yeHydrocarbon - Encyclopedia

Vhidhiyo: Hydrocarbon Power!: Crash Course Chemistry #40

Zvemukati

Mienzaniso yemahydrocarbon

Iyohydrocarbon ari makemikari makemikari akaumbwa chete nehurongwa hwehydrogen uye kabhoni maatomu, uye ayo ari hwaro hwese makemikari kemisitiri. Maumbirwo ehurongwa hweatomiki anogona kuve akaenzana kana akabatanidzwa, akavhurwa kana akavharwa, uye kuodha kwawo uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoenderana nekuti ndechimwe chinhu here.

Iyo hydrocarbon Izvo zvinhu zvinotsva zvine hunyanzvi hwekushandurwa kwemaindasitiri, ndosaka zvichisimbisa hwaro hwekuchera migodhi yepasi rese, zvichibvumira kuvakwa kwezvinhu zvakaomarara, simba recaloric nemagetsi, uye magetsi, pakati pezvimwe zvinoshandiswa. Iwo zvakare manyuko akakosha ehupfu, sezvo achiwanzopa mhute dzinokuvadza kuhutano.

MaHydrocarbon anorongedzwa zvinoenderana nematanho maviri anogona:

Zvinoenderana nechimiro chayo, isu tine:

Acyclic kana kuvhura ngetani. Ichowo chakakamurwa kuita mitsara kana matavi.
Kutenderera kana akavharwa ngetani. Ichowo chakakamurwa kuva monocyclic uye polycyclic.

Zvinoenderana nerudzi rwechisungo pakati payo maatomu, tine:

Aromatics. Ivo vane rin'i rin'i, ndiko kuti, ne cyclic chimiro maererano nemutemo waHückel. Ivo vanobva kuBenzene.
Aliphatic. Ivo vanoshaya rin'i rin'i (risina kutorwa kubva kune benzene) uyezve rakakamurwa kuva: rakazara (imwechete maatomu zvisungo) uye isina kusaturati (kanenge kamwe kaviri chisungo).

Mienzaniso yemahydrocarbon

Methane (CH₄). Iyo gasi ine hwema hunosemesa, hunopisa zvikuru, huripo mumhepo yemapuraneti makuru ane gasi uye sechigadzirwa mune yedu yekuora kweiyo organic zvinhu kana chigadzirwa chemabasa emigodhi.
Ethane (C.₂H₆). Yakanyanya kupisa gasi yeavo anoumba gasi rechisikigo uye inokwanisa kuburitsa chando chakabatana ne organic organic.
Butane (C₄H₁₀). Isina girazi uye isina kugadzikana gasi, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya seyakawedzera huni mafuta (mvura) mune yemukati mamiriro.
Propane (C₃H₈). Zvakare gaseous, Isina ruvara uye isina hwema, yakapihwa kuputika kwakanyanya uye narcotic zvimiro painenge iri mumatunhu akakwirira.
Pentane (C5H12). Kunyangwe iri imwe yemahydrocarbon mana ekutanga alkanes, iyo pentane iri mune yemvura mamiriro zvakajairika. Iyo inoshandiswa senge solvent uye senge simba repakati, ichipihwa yakachengeteka kwazvo uye mutengo wakaderera.
Benzene (C₆H₆). A mvura isina kuchena nehwema hunotapira, hunogona kutsva uye zvakare hwakanyanya carcinogenic, iri pakati pezvakanyanya kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa zveindasitiri nhasi. Inoshandiswa mukugadzira rubbers, sipo, mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka, mishonga, mapurasitiki, resini uye mukunatsa peturu.
Hexane (C.₆H₁₄). Imwe yemamwe alkanes ane chepfu, inoshandiswa seye solvent mune mamwe mapendi uye zvinonamatira, pamwe nekuwana pomace mafuta. Kushandiswa kwaro, zvisinei, kunorambidzwa, sezvo iri muropa neurotoxic.
Heptane (C.₇H₁₆). Liquid pasi pekumanikidza uye tembiricha zvakatipoteredza, zvinonyanya kupisa uye zvinoputika. Iyo inoshandiswa muindasitiri yemafuta senge zero poindi yeoctane, uye sehwaro hwekushanda mumishonga yemishonga.
Octane (C.₈H₁₈). Ndiyo zana yechiyero pane peturu octane chikero, pakatarisana neheptane, uye ine runyorwa rurefu rwemasomeri ekushandisa kwemaindasitiri.
1-Hexene (C₆H₁₂). Yakarongedzwa muindasitiri separafini yepamusoro uye alpha-olefin, imvura isina ruvara yakakosha mukuwana polyethylene uye mamwe maaldehydes.
Ethylene (C.₂H₄). Iyo inonyanyo shandiswa organic makemikari pasi, panguva imwechete iyo a mahormone echisikigo yemiti uye yeindasitiri yemubatanidzwa inodiwa pakugadzira epurasitiki. Inowanzo kuwanikwa kubva mukushayiwa mvura kwemvura ethane.
Acetylene (C₂H₂). Gasi risina ruvara, rakareruka kupfuura mweya uye rinopisa zvikuru, rinoburitsa murazvo unokwanisa kusvika 3000 ° C, kumwe kwetembiricha yakakwira kwazvo inogona kugadziriswa nemunhu. Iyo inoshandiswa senzvimbo yemwenje uye kupisa mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana uye mashandisiro.
Trichlorethylene (C₂HCl₃). Isina kuchena, isingatsve mvura, ine hwema hwekunaka uye kuravira, yakanyanyisa carcinogenic uye ine chepfu, inokwanisa kukanganisa moyo, kufema uye hepatic macircule. Iyo ine simba indasitiri solvent iyo isipo mune zvakasikwa.
Trinitrotoluene (C₇H₅N₃KANA₆). Inozivikanwa seTNT, yero yeyero, kristaro, yakanyanyisa kuputika. Hazviite nesimbi kana kunwa mvura, saka ine hupenyu hwakareba uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya sechikamu chemabhomba emauto nemaindasitiri uye zvinoputika.
Phenoli (C.₆H₆KANA). Iyo inozivikanwawo se acid carbolic kana phenyl kana phenylhydroxide, yakasimba mune yayo yakachena fomu, crystalline uye chena kana isina ruvara. Iyo inoshandiswa kuwana resin, nylon uye seinouraya utachiona kana chikamu chegadziriro dzakasiyana dzekurapa.
Tar. Musanganiswa wakaomarara wemakemikari akasanganiswa ane fomula inowirirana zvichienderana nemhando yekugadzirwa kwayo uye tembiricha yayo uye zvimwe zvinosiyana. mvura yemvura, bituminous, viscous uye nerima, ine hwema hwakasimba uye akawanda mashandisirwo, kubva ku psoriasis kurapwa kune nzira yekugadzira.
Iyo inozivikanwawo se petroleum ether, iri musanganiswa inogadzikana, inopfuta uye mvura yemagrocrocarbon akazara, anobva mupetroleum, anoshandiswa senge solvent uye sehuni. Iyo haifanire kuvhiringidzwa ne benzene, ether, kana peturu.
Kerosene. Mafuta akafanana, haana kuchena uye akawanikwa ne petroleum distillation zvakasikwa. Iyo inoumbwa nemusanganiswa wehydrocarbon mune yakajeka uye yero mvura, isina insoluble mumvura, inoshandiswa pakuvhenekesa uye pamusoro pekuchenesa zvinangwa, pamwe nemushonga wezvipembenene uye mota girizi.
Peturu. Yakawanikwa kubva petroleum neakananga kana chidimbu chinwiwa chinwiwa, uyu musanganiswa wemazana emahydrocarbon anoshandiswa mukati meinjini dzinopisa semafuta akachena, anoshanda zvakanyanya uye anozivikanwa, kunyanya mushure mekubviswa mutobvu mukutanga kwema2000.
Petroleum. Iyo yakakosha hydrocarbon inozivikanwa mumaindasitiri mazwi, kubva mairi zvinokwanisika kugadzira zvimwe zvakawanda uye zvakasiyana mhando dzemhando yezvinhu, inogadzirwa pasi pevhu kubva kune yakasikwa zvinhu yakaunganidzwa mumatanho e geological uye inoiswa kumanikidzo akakwirira zvakanyanya. Iyo ndeyezvisaririra zvakatangira, viscous uye gobvu dema mvura, ine epasirese matura ari Isingadzorekezve, asi ndizvo zvinonyanya kuiswa muindasitiri dzemotokari, dzemagetsi, dzemakemikari uye dzezvinhu.