Alloys

Zvemukati

• Mhando alloys
• Chiwanikwa chiwanikwa
• Mienzaniso yesimbi

Yakatumidzwa zita chiwanikwa kune maitiro ayo zviviri kana zvinopfuura zvinhu, zvinowanzo simbi, zvinosanganiswa kuita chinhu chimwe chinowana zvivakwa zvese zviri zviviri. Kazhinji alloys anoonekwa misanganiswa, sezvo maatomu ezvinhu zvakasanganiswa asingabuditse, kunze kwezviitiko zvisingawanzoitika, maitiro emakemikari izvo zvinopindirana nemaatomu avo.

Kazhinji, izvo zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mune alloys ndeesimbi: iron, aluminium, mhangura, lead, nezvimwewo, asi a esimbi chinhu iine isina-simbi: kabhoni, sarufa, arsenic, phosphorus, nezvimwe.

Kunyange zvakadaro, izvo zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nemusanganiswa zvinogara zvine esimbi hunhu (kupenya, anotyaira kupisa nemagetsi, zvine kuomarara kana kushoma, kuwanda kana kusagadzikana, zvakanyanya kana zvishoma ductility, nezvimwewo), yakagadziridzwa kana kusimbiswa pamwe nekuwedzera kwechimwe chinhu.

Mhando alloys

Inowanzo kusiyaniswa pakati pemaarloys anoenderana nehukuru hwechinhu chimwe pamusoro pevamwe (semuenzaniso, alloys emhangura), asi zvakare Ivo vanosarudzwa zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinobatanidzwa mumusanganiswa, anoti:

• Binary. Izvo zvinoumbwa nezvinhu zviviri (iyo yepasi element uye alloying element).
• Ternary. Izvo zvinoumbwa nezvinhu zvitatu (iyo yepasi element uye maalloys maviri).
• Quaternary. Izvo zvinoumbwa nezvinhu zvina (iyo yepasi element uye matatu maalloys).
• Complex. Izvo zvinoumbwa neshanu kana kupfuura zvinhu (iyo yepasi element uye ina kana anopfuura alloys).

Chimwe chinogoneka kupatsanura inosiyanisa pakati pesimbi dzakareruka uye dzakareruka, zvinoenderana nehunhu hwesimbi yezvinhu. Nekudaro, aluminium alloys ichave yakajeka, asi esimbi alloys ichave inorema.

Chiwanikwa chiwanikwa

Izvo zvakasarudzika zvivakwa zvealloy imwe neimwe zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvinobatanidzwa mumusanganiswa, asi zvakare nezve chikamu chiripo pakati pavo.

Nekudaro, nekuwedzera zvimwe zvinorekesa zvinhu, mamwe maitiro echinhu chepasi anozoshandurwa zvakanyanya, kukuvadza vamwe. Ichi chikamu, zvinoenderana nesimbi, chinogona kusiyana pakati peepesenti (0.2 kusvika 2%) kana zvichinyatso kuoneka mukati memusanganiswa.

Mienzaniso yesimbi

1. Simbi. Ichi chiwanikwa chakakosha kune indasitiri yekuvaka, sezvo ichishandiswa kugadzira matanda kana zvitsigiro zvekudira kongiri kana kongiri. Icho chinhu chinodzivirirwa uye chisingachinjiki, chigadzirwa chechiwanikwa chesimbi uye kabhoni, kunyanya, kunyangwe ichigona zvakare kuve nesilicon, sarufa uye okisijeni muzvikamu zvidiki. Kuvapo kwekabhoni kunoita kuti simbi iwedzere kurwisa kuora uye iwedzere kupwanya panguva imwe chete, saka mune zvisingawanzoitika inodarika chikamu chidiki kwazvo. Zvinoenderana nekuvapo kwechinhu ichi chekupedzisira, hwese hwese hwesimbi dzinoshandiswa dzinowanikwa.
2. Brass. Ichi chinhu chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemidziyo, kunyanya izvo zvakagadzirirwa chikafu chisingafe, pamwe nekupomba dzemvura uye pombi. Yakawanikwa kubva kune chiwanikwa chendarira uye zinc, yakanyanyisa ductile uye inoumbika uye inopenya zviri nyore kana yakakwenenzverwa. Zvinoenderana nechikamu pakati pezvinhu, zvinokwanisika kuwana akasiyana ane akasiyana zvivakwa: zvakanyanya kana kushomeka ku oxide, zvishoma kana zvishoma kusimba, nezvimwe.
3. Ndarira. Bronze yakaita basa rakakosha kwazvo munhoroondo yevanhu, sechinhu chekugadzira maturusi, zvombo uye zvinhu zvemhemberero. Mabhero mazhinji akagadzirwa nechinhu ichi, pamwe nemari zhinji, menduru, zvidhori zvemunyika uye zvishandiso zvakasiyana siyana zvemumba, zvichitora mukana wekusagona kwayo kukuru uye hupfumi hwayo kuwana kubva kumhangura netini.
4. Simbi isina ngura. Iyi misiyano yesimbi yakajairwa (kabhoni simbi) inokosheswa neyakaipisisa ngura kuramba, ichichiita chakanakira kugadzira kicheni zvinhu, mota zvikamu, uye zvekurapa maturusi. Kuti uwane iyi simbi, chromium uye nickel zvinoshandiswa mune chiwanikwa nesimbi.
5. Amalgam. Mukusashandisa kwechokwadi nekuda kweiyo mercury yezvinhu izvo zvinoita kuti ive ine chepfu kumuviri wemunhu, ichi simbi yekuzadza yaishandiswa sechisimbiso chemazino navanachiremba vemazino. Icho chiwanikwa chesirivha, tini, mhangura uye mercury mune chinhu chepastiyumu icho chinoomarara kana chikaoma.
6. Duralumin. Duralumin isimbi yakajeka uye isingagadzirisike, iyo inosanganisa zvivakwa zvemhangura nealuminium, ine chiwanikwa chine chigadzirwa. Iyo inoshandiswa muindasitiri yemuchadenga uye zvimwe zvinoda mwenje, inoumbika uye isina ngura zvinhu.
7. Pewter. Chigadzirwa chealloy ye zinc, lead, tin uye antimony, icho chinhu chakareba kushandiswa mukujekesa zvinhu zvekicheni (makapu, ndiro, hari, nezvimwewo) nekuda kwekureruka kwazvo uye kupisa conduction. Iyo inogona kuumbika, chivakwa icho pasina mubvunzo chinogamuchira kubva kune yakasarudzika kusimba kwemutobvu.
8. Ndarama chena. Zvishongo zvakawanda (mhete, zvishongo, nezvimwewo) uye zvishongedzo zvinogadzirwa kubva kune inonzi chena goridhe: inopenya kwazvo, inopenya uye yakakosha simbi iyo inowanikwa nekutora goridhe, mhangura, nickel uye zinc. Iyo yakanakira kugadzira zvishongo izvo zviri nyore kupfuura goridhe chaiyo, uye zvakare inokutendera iwe kushandisa zvishoma izvi chicherwa yakakosha, ichiwana zvinhu zvakachipa.
9. Magnalium. Imwe simbi inodaidzwa zvakanyanya neindasitiri yemotokari uye yekumonana, nekuti kunyangwe iine hushoma hushoma ine kuomarara, kuomarara uye kusimba kwesimba. Iyo inowanikwa nekutora aluminium ine magnesium zvemukati (zvisingaite 10%).
10. Simbi yehuni. Iyi simbi yakawana zita rayo kubva kuna chiremba wemazino Barnabás Wood, muvambi wayo, uye chiumbwa che50% bismuth, 25% lead, 12.5% ​​tini, uye 12.5% ​​cadmium. Kunyangwe paine huturu hwayo, ichipihwa lead uye cadmium irimo, inoshandiswa mukunyungudika uye mawelds, kuburitsa magasi ayo asingafanire kufemerwa. Nhasi, zvakadaro, kune dzimwe nzira shoma dzine chepfu dzekushandisa.
11. Munda Simbi. Iyi alloy yebismuth (32.5%), indium (51%) uye tini (16.5%) inova mvura pa60 ° C, saka inoshandiswa mukuumba kwemaindasitiri uye prototyping, kana sekutsiva kusiri-chepfu kwesimbi yeWood.
12. Galinstano. Imwe yesimbi iyo yakayedzwa nayo kutsiva mashandisiro eemaalloys ne mercury (chepfu), iri alloy yegallium, indium netini. Iyo mvura pane tembiricha yemukati uye isingatarisi zvishoma uye isina kuenzana pane mercury. Iyo inewo maficha sefriji.
13. Rose Simbi. Iyo inozivikanwawo se Rose chiwanikwa Iyo simbi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuwisira uye fusion, chigadzirwa mukushandura chiwanikwa chebismuth (50%), lead (25%) uye tini (25%).
14. NaK. Inozivikanwa nezita iri kune chiwanikwa chesodium (Na) uye potasium (K), chinhu chakanyanya oxidizing, chinokwanisa kuburitsa huwandu hwakawanda hwecaloric simba (kushungurudza). Magiramu mashoma akakwana, mukubatana neoksijeni iri mumhepo ivo vanokwanisa kutanga moto. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, ichi chiwanikwa chine mvura mukamuri tembiricha uye chinoshandiswa se chinokonzera, firiji kana maindasitiri desiccant.
15. Inokosha. Refractory alloy ye cobalt (65%), chromium (25%) uye molybdenum (6%) pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvidiki (iron, nickel), yakagadziriswa kekutanga muna 1932 uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekureruka kwayo uye kunyanyisa kuramba kurwisa uye tembiricha. Izvo zvinogadzirwa nezvakakosha zvekuvhiya zvekushandisa, reaction turbine kana emoto makamuri.