Zvemukati
Iyomakemikari zvinhu Izvo zvinhu zvisina nzira zvinogona kuderedzwa kana kuora kuita zvimwe zvinhu zvakapusa. Neichi chikonzero, zvinogona kunzi chinhu chinhu zvese nyaya yakagadzirwa na maatomu yekirasi imwechete uye yakasarudzika.
Tsananguro yekutanga ye kemikari element yakaunzwa naLavoisier mu Traité Élémentaire de Chimie, muna 1789. Kudzoka muzana ramakore rechi18, Lavoisier akakamura zvinhu zvakapusa mumapoka mana:
- Zvinhu zvemitumbi;
- Zvisiri-simbi inogadziriswa uye zvinhu zvinogadziriswa;
- Oxidizable uye acidifiable esimbi zvinhu, uye ...
- Zvinhu zvinogadzikika zvepanyika.
Periodic tafura yezvinhu
Nhasi 119 makemikari zvinhu zvinozivikanwa, ayo akapatsanurwa kuita zvikamu gumi nesere nemapfumbamwe. Zvese izvi zvinhu zvinounzwa pamwechete muchirongwa chakajeka chinozivikanwa sePeriodic Tafura yezvinhu, iyo yakatanga kugadzirwa neyemakemikari weRussia Dimitri Mendeleyev mu 1869.
Iyo mapoka makuru izvo zvinogona kuwanikwa patafura iyi simbi dzealkali, alkaline pasi simbi, shanduko yesimbi (rinova iro boka hombe), iyo yekumashure-shanduko simbi, iyo metalloids, iyo hapana simbi (zvakakosha zvinhu zvehupenyu zviripo pano, senge oxygen uye nitrogen), halogen, Magasi akanaka, uye pakupedzisira, kune maviri akasarudzika mapoka ezve zvinhu, iyo lanthanides uye maitinine, ayo dzimwe nguva anowanzozivikanwa seapasi asingawanzo (kunyangwe mamwe akawandisa).
Zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi zvine radioactive isotopu. Chemical zvinhu zvine hunhu zvimiro senge poindi ye kufashaira uye izvo zve fusion, electronegativity, kuwanda uye ionic radius, pakati pevamwe. Aya hunhu hwakakosha nekuti iwo anotendera kufanotaura maitiro ayo, kuita zvekare, nezvimwe.
Zvimiro uye data
Chimwe nechimwe chemakemikari chinoratidzika chinoonekwa nezvakawanda zvikamu. Chekutanga pane zvese, yayo chiratidzo chepasi rose, inosanganisira tsamba imwe kana mbiri (nekokorodzano, kana paine mavara maviri, yekutanga yakanyorwa nemavara makuru uye inotevera mubhii repasi).
Pamusoro uye kuruboshwe kunoonekwa mudiki typeface sunhamba yeatomu, inova ndiyo inoratidza huwandu hwemapurotoni ane chinhu ichi. Ipapo iyo izere zita rechinhu uye pazasi peiyi nhamba inoratidza iyo atomic mashoma mumagiramu pa mole.
Izvo zvinhu zvakasiyana zvine mavhoriyumu eatomuki, uye sezvo huwandu hwemapurotoni mumukono unowedzera, kukwezva kukuru kunowanikwa pane maerekitironi, saka vhoriyamu inowanzo kudzikira. Kana iyo vhoriyamu yeatomu iri diki, maerekitironi ari padanho rekupedzisira regore anokwezva zvakanyanya kune iyo nucleus, saka haakurumidze kukanda mapfumo pasi. Izvo zvinoitika zvinoitika nezvinhu zvine maatomu akakwirira: vanoregedza maerekitironi avo ekunze nyore.
Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvemakemikari
Chemical chinhu | Chiratidzo |
Actinium | Ac |
Aluminium | Ku |
Americium | AM |
Antimony | Sb |
Argon | Ar |
Arsenic | Ace |
Astat | At |
Sarufa | S |
Barium | Ba |
Beryllium | Iva |
Berkelium | Bk |
Bismuth | Bi |
Bohrio | Bh |
Boron | B |
Bromine | Br |
Cadmium | CD |
Calcium | AC |
Californium | Cf |
Carbon | C |
Cerium | EC |
Cesium | Cs |
Chlorine | Cl |
Cobalt | Co |
Mhangura | Cu |
Chrome | Cr |
Curium | Cm |
Darmstadio | Ds |
Dysprosium | Dy |
Dubnium | Db |
Einsteinium | Zviri |
Erbium | Er |
Scandium | Sc |
Tin | Sn |
Strontium | Mr. |
Europium | Eu |
Fermium | Fm |
Fluorine | F |
Mutambo | P |
Francius | Fr |
Gadolinium | Gd |
Gallium | Ga |
Germanium | Ge |
Hafnium | Hf |
Hassio | Hs |
Helium | ndine |
Hydrogen | H |
Iron | Kutenda |
Holmium | Ho |
Indian | In |
Iodine | Ini |
Iridium | Togo |
Ytterbium | Yb |
Yttrium | Uye |
Krypton | Kr |
Lanthanum | Iyo |
Lawrencio | Lr |
Lithium | Li |
Lutetium | Mon |
Magnesium | Mg |
Manganese | Mn |
Meitnerius | Mt |
Mendelevium | Md |
Mercury | Hg |
Molybdenum | Mo |
Neodymium | Na |
Neon | Ne |
Neptunium | Np |
Niobium | Nb |
Nickel | Kunyange |
Nitrogen | N |
Nobelio | Aihwa |
Ndarama | Au |
Osmium | Iwe |
Okisijeni | KANA |
Palladium | P.S |
Sirivheri | Ag |
Platinum | Pt |
Tungamira | Pb |
Plutonium | Pu |
Polonium | Po |
Potassium | K |
Praseodymium | Pr |
Prometius | Pm |
Protactinium | Pa |
Radio | Ra |
Radon | Rn |
Rhenium | Re |
Rhodium | Rh |
Rubidium | Rb |
Ruthenium | Ru |
Rutherfordio | Rf |
Samarium | Hongu |
Seaborgio | Sg |
Selenium | ndinoziva |
Silica | Ehe |
Sodium | Na |
Thallium | Tl |
Tantalum | Ta |
Technetium | Tc |
Tellurium | Tea |
Terbium | Tb |
Titanium | Iwe |
Thorium | Th |
Thulium | Tm |
Ununbio | Uub |
Ununhex | Uuh |
Ununio | Uuu |
Ununoctium | Uuo |
Ununpentium | Uup |
Ununquadio | Uuq |
Ununseptio | Uus |
Ununtrium | Uut |
Uranium | KANA |
Vanadium | V |
Tungsten | W |
Xenon | Xe |
Zingi | Zn |
Zirconium | Zr |
Inogona kukushandira:
- Mienzaniso yeMakemikari Makemikari
- Mienzaniso yeKemikari Reaction
- Mienzaniso yeChemical Phenomena
- Mienzaniso yeMetal uye Isiri-Masimbi