Zvemukati
Inozivikanwa se Mufananidzo kune musangano wenjere uye wetsika wakaberekerwa muEurope pakati pezana regumi nemanomwe century, kunyanya muFrance, Germany neEngland, uye izvo mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakagara kusvika zana regumi nemapfumbamwe.
Zita rake rinouya kubva mukutenda kwake mukufunga uye kufambira mberi semagetsi anovhenekera ehupenyu hwevanhu. Neichi chikonzero, iro zana ramakumi masere nemasere, iro raive nemaruva echokwadi, rinozivikanwa se "Zera reChiedza".
Iwo mavambo ekutanga eiyo Chiedza akabata kuti kufunga kwevanhu kwaikwanisa kurwisa rima rekusaziva, mashura uye hudzvanyiriri, kuitira kuti vagadzire nyika iri nani nakare. Uyu mweya wakaita mucherechedzo wezvematongerwo enyika eEurope, sainzi, economics, hunyanzvi uye nzanga yenguva iyoyo, ichiita nzira yayo pakati pemabhongori nevamiriri.
Iyo French RevolutionMupfungwa iyi, ichamiririra chiratidzo chinonetsa cheiyi nzira nyowani yekufunga, kubvira pavakabvisa humambo hwehutongi vakazvitorawo kubva kuhurongwa hwechihedheni, umo Chitendero neChechi vakatamba chinzvimbo chisingaite.
Pfungwa dzeChiedza
Hunhu hunhu hwekufamba uku hunogona kupfupikiswa se:
- Anthropocentrism. Sezvazviri mukuzvarwa patsva, kutarisisa kwenyika kuri kwakanangana nemunhu kwete pana Mwari. Munhu wenyama anoonekwa, kufunga uye kufunga kuburikidza, semurongi wezvemagumo ake, izvo zvinoshandura kuita zvekunyika, umo munhu anokwanisa kudzidza izvo zvinodiwa kuti ararame zvirinani. Saka pakazvarwa pfungwa yekufambira mberi.
- Rationalism. Zvese zvinhu zvinonzwisisika kuburikidza neyekuchenesa kwechikonzero chevanhu uye neruzivo rwepanyika rinonzwisisika, zvichideredza mashura, kutenda kwechitendero uyezve nezvepfungwa dzepfungwa kuenda kunzvimbo yerima uye inotyisa. Kunamata kwekupokana hakutarisike kune vasina kuenzana, iwo asymmetrical kana asina kuenzana.
- Kufungidzira. Kujekeswa kwakatora kudzokororwa uye kushandurwazve zvekare, izvo zvakatungamira kune kumwe shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika neyemagariro, izvo zvinotungamira kuchishuwo chematopias ezvematongerwo enyika. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, mabasa aRousseau neMontesquieu ndiwo achave akakosha mukuumba dzidziso dzevazhinji vevanhu vakaenzana uye vehama.
- Pragmatism. Chimwe chirevo chekushandisa hunowanikwa pane kufunga, mune izvo zvinoteerera basa rekushandurwa kwenzanga zvine rombo rakanaka. Ndokusaka zvimwe zvinyorwa zvemhando dzakaita senge inoverengeka zvichipinda mumatambudziko uye rondedzero, kudzidza zvinyorwa uye maseketi, komedhi kana maenisaikoropidhiya akaiswa.
- Kutevedzera. Kutenda mukufunga uye kuongorora kazhinji kunotitungamira kuti tifunge nezvekwakatanga sehurema (kunyanya muchiFrench neoclassicism, icho chinonyanya kudzvinyirira) uye kufunga kuti mabasa ehunyanzvi anogona kuwanikwa nekungodzika uye kuburitsa nzira yayo yekubatira. Mune ino aesthetic panorama, kuravira kwakanaka kunotonga uye kwakashata, kunotyisa kana kusakwana kunorambwa.
- Pfungwa. Humwe hunyanzvi mune iyi modhi yekufunga unoramba zvakashata, senzvimbo yekutizira kubva pakutenda mashura, kudzokorodza hunhu uye hunhu husina kukodzera. Panyaya dzemutauro, kutaura kwakatsiga kune mukana, kuchenesa kunoitwa uye muzvinhu zveumhizha nyaya "dzinosemesa" dzakadai sekuzviuraya kana mhosva dzinorambwa.
- Universalism. Kupesana nehunhu hwetsika nemagariro izvo zvakazokwidziridzwa neRomanism, iyo Enlightenment inozvizivisa pachayo ine cosmopolitan uye inotora hukama hwetsika. Mabhuku ekufambisa anotambirwa, uye zvekunze sosiisheni yemunhu uye yepasirese. Nekudaro tsika yechiGiriki neyechiRoma inoiswawo, ichiitora se "yepasirose" pane aripo.
Kukosha kweChiedza
Kujekerwa kwaive kufamba kwakasimba munhoroondo yekufunga kwekuMadokero, kubvira yakaputsa nemitemo yechinyakare yakaumbwa mukati meMiddle Ages)
Kusvika pakadaro, yakateya nheyo dzenyika ino uye nekubuda kweNhasi. Sayenzi sehurukuro yekutonga yenyika, pamwe nekuunganidzwa kwezivo, yakave tsika dzakakosha, sekuratidzwa nekuonekwa kweiyo Encyclopedia, kukurumidza kusimuka mune nyaya dzefizikisi, optics uye masvomhu, kana kutaridzika muFine Arts yeGreco-Roman Neoclassicism.
Zvinotoshamisa kuti idzi nheyo dzakasimudzira kuratidzika kwekupedzisira kwechiGerman Romanticism, iyo yaipokana nemanzwiro asina kudzivirirwa emudetembi kumhando yeanofungidzira senge kukosha kwakanyanya kwemunhu nehunyanzvi.
Chechipiri, Kujekerwa kwakaona kusimuka kwemabourgeoisie seboka idzva rezvemagariro, richakwidziridzwa muzana rese rinotevera, richipa vakuru vevanhu kuita chinzvimbo chechipiri.. Nekuda kweizvi, inotanga kutaura nezvebumbiro uye Liberalism, uye gare gare Chibvumirano cheSocial (muchiito chaJean Jacques Rousseau), Utopian Socialism, uye hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika, kubva paruoko rwaAdam Smith uye zvinyorwa zvake zvichabuda. Pfuma Yemarudzi (1776).
Mifananidzo yenyika inova chinangwa chakakosha, nekuti nyika yerima uye yakavanzika yechitendero chepakati nepakati inova nyika inozivikanwa uye yezuva rekufunga. Pamusoro pe, kuedza kwekutanga kwehutsanana nekusimudzira kwekurapa kunokonzerwa nekujekeserwa kufunga sehurukuro yekukosha munharaunda.
