Zvemukati
A zvinyorwa zvinyorwa Icho chimiro chemuromo kana chakanyorwa kugadzirwa icho chinopa rukudzo rwekunaka, nhetembo uye kutamba mafomu pamusoro pezvinodzidzisa kana chinangwa zvemukati meseji.
Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinoratidzira zvine chekuita uye zvemahara nzira dzeyekufungisisa, yekuziva kana yekufungisisa yezvazviri, nechinangwa chekuburitsa manzwiro muverengi.
Muchokwadi, chimwe cheakakosha maitiro echinyorwa chero chipi zvacho chekunyora, pamwe nemamwe marudzi ehunyanzvi, ndechekuti haina basa rakajeka kana chinangwa chakatarwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, haina mashandisiro uye ndiwo musiyano wayo mukuru kubva kune zvisiri zvinyorwa.
MuGirisi yekare, yaifungidzirwa sechivako chekuMadokero, nhamo (mutungamiriri wenhandare yemazuva ano) yaive yakakosha mukuumbwa kwemugariro nevegari vemunyika, sezvo zvaifambisa zvematongerwo enyika, zvechitendero uye zvetsika zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakakosha. Panguva imwecheteyo, epic (mutangidziri werondedzero yazvino) yaive nzira yekufambisa kwenyaya huru dzekuvamba dzebudiriro yechiHellen, senge idzo dziri mukati Iyo Iliad uye IyoOdyssey.
Parizvino, zvinyorwa zvekunyora zvinoonekwa sechikamu chevaraidzo, kutandara uye zviitiko zvekudzidzisa zvakapihwa zvirimo zvakawandisa zvevanhu, zvinoratidzwa sereferenzi uye vanonamira zviitiko zvezviitiko, nyaya dzakakurumbira, zviratidzo uye archetypes yetsika, pamwe nekushandurwa kwezviitiko chaizvo kana kushongedzwa kuburikidza nengano.
Onawo:
- Zvinyorwa zvemhando
- Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa
Mhando dzemanyoro ezvinyorwa
Parizvino, zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinorongwa zvinoenderana nekushandisa kwavo chaiko mutauro, mune seti yemirairo inonzi zvinyorwa zvemhando. Izvi ndeizvi:
- Rondedzero. Rudzi urwu rwunosanganisira nyaya pfupi, inoverengeka, nyaya diki-diki, nhoroondo yezvinyorwa uye dzimwe nzira dzenyaya, dzechokwadi kana dzekufungidzira, dzakanakisa kana dzechokwadi, dzinosimbisa mavara, chimiro chezviito uye chimiro chemunyori gadzira muverengi tarisiro, kusagadzikana uye mamwe akafanana manzwiro.
- Nhetembo. Ndiyo yakasununguka yehunyanzvi hwekunyora, sezvo isingaite chero mutemo unotsanangura izvo nhetembo kana kwete, kunze kwechinangwa chayo chekuratidzira manzwiro, maonero aripo, kuratidzira kana kunyangwe imwe nhanho yekutaura asi mukushayikwa vatambi vanotsanangurwa.Pakutanga yakanga yakatsanangurwa nhetembo nemavhesi akaverengwa nenhamba yemashiripiti, asi nhasi zvinofungidzirwa kuti nhetembo inogona kuwana chero mhando yechimiro chakamisikidzwa uye chimiro, ichiteerera mimhanzi yayo uye isingatsanangurike.
- Dramaturgy. Kunyora kunoshamisa ndemumwe anomiririrwa nedariro, firimu kana mamiriro eterevhizheni. Kazhinji zvinosanganisira mavara uye marongero, mumamiriro ezvinhu anoitika pamberi pemuoni pasina kupindirana nemunyori.
- Bvunzo. Iyo rondedzero ine inoratidzira uye inotsanangudza nzira kune chero nhaurwa, kuburikidza nezviitwa zvezvirevo zvekupokana zvinotsvaga kupa zvisina kuburitswa zviono zvemaonero kana maonero.
Mienzaniso yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa
- "La poesía" naEugenio Montejo (nhetembo)
Nhetembo dzinoyambuka pasi chete,
tsigira izwi rako mukurwadziwa kwenyika
uye hapana chinobvunza
-kwete kana mazwi.
Inouya kubva kure uye isina nguva, haimbonyeveri;
Ane kiyi yemusuwo.
Kupinda nguva dzose mira kuti utitarise.
Ipapo anobva avhura ruoko rwake otipa
ruva kana hurungudo, chimwe chinhu chakavanzika,
asi zvakanyanya zvekuti moyo unorova
nekukurumidza. Uye isu takamuka.
- Augusto Monterroso's "Nyika" (micro-nyaya)
Mwari haasati asika nyika; ari kungo fungidzira, sepakati pekurota. Saka nyika yakakwana, asi inokanganisa.
- Moliére's "Iyo Miser" (dramaturgy)
VALERIO. Sei, akanaka Elisa, iwe unonzwa kushushikana mushure mevimbiso dzerudo dzawave uine mutsa zvakakwana kuti undipe nezve mufaro wako! Ndiri kukuona uchigomera, maiwe, pakati pekufara kwangu. Ndizvo here zvaunozvidemba, ndiudze, kuti wakandifadza? Uye unozvidemba here ichi chivimbiso, icho chishuwo changu chakakwanisa kukumanikidza?
ELISA. Kwete, Valerio; Handikwanise kudemba zvese zvandinoitira iwe. Ini ndinotamisirwa kwariri nesimba rinotapira, uye handina kana simba rekushuvira kuti dai zvinhu zvisina kuitika nenzira iyoyo. Asi kutaura chokwadi, magumo akanaka anondinetsa kusagadzikana, uye ndinotya zvikuru kukuda kupfuura zvandinofanira.
VALERIO. Hei! Chii chaunogona kutya, Elisa, nezve mutsa wawakave neni?
- "La trama celeste" naAdolfo Bioy Casares (pfupi nyaya, chidimbu)
Pakaputirwa Captain Ireneo Morris naDr Carlos Alberto Servian, chiremba anoona nezvekurapa, kubva kuBuenos Aires musi waZvita 20, mapepanhau haana kana kutaura pamusoro pazvo. Izvo zvakanzi kune vanhu vakanyengedzwa, vakaomesesa vanhu uye kuti komisheni iri kuongorora; Izvo zvakanzi zvakare iyo diki nharaunda yekuita yendege yaishandiswa nevapoteri yakaita kuti zvikwanise kusimbisa kuti ivo havana kuenda kure zvakanyanya. Mumazuva iwayo ndakagamuchira kuraira; Yakanga iine: matatu mavhoriyamu muquarto (akazara mabasa echikominisiti Luis Augusto Blanqui); mhete yemhando shoma (an aquamarine ine mufananidzo wemwarikadzi ane musoro-bhiza kumashure); mapeji mashoma akanyorwa netapureta - Iyo Adventures yaCaptain Morris - yakasainwa C.A. Ndichanyora mapeji iwayo. (…)
- "Lolita" naVladimir Nabokov (inoverengeka, chidimbu)
Lolita, mwenje wehupenyu hwangu, moto weangu mukati. Chivi changu, mweya wangu. Lo-li-ta: muromo werurimi unoita rwendo rwematanho matatu kubva pamucheto wemukanwa kuzorora, mune wechitatu, pamucheto wemazino. It. Li. Ta. Yakanga iri Lo, ingo Tarisai, mangwanani, mashanu tsoka ina tsoka dzakashama. Aive Lola akapfeka bhurugwa. Aive Dolly kuchikoro. Yaive Dolores paakasaina. Asi mumaoko angu aigara ari Lolita. (…)
- "Paseando mi cigarro" naGay Talese (chinyorwa chinyorwa, chinyorwa)
Husiku hwese mushure mekudya kwemanheru ndinoenda nembwa dzangu mbiri kuPark Avenue kunofamba nefodya yangu. Fodya yangu yakafanana nerangu imbwa mbiri, uye imbwa dzangu dzinokwezva nekunhuhwirira kwadzo: dzinosvetuka makumbo angu pandinoitungidza ndisati ndatanga kufamba, nemipendero yakafaranuka uye maziso akatarisisa, nekutaridzika kweupombwe kwavanoisa pese pandinovapa mabhisikiti echipfuwo kana tereyi yemakwenzi anonhuwirira asara pane imwe yemabiko edu. (…)
- "The Labyrinth of Solitude" naOctavio Paz (chinyorwa, chidimbu)
Kune isu tese, pane imwe nguva, hupenyu hwedu hwakaziviswa kwatiri sechimwe chinhu chakanyanya, chisingachinjiswe uye chakakosha. Ichi chizaruro chinowanzoitika nguva dzose mukuyaruka. Kuwanikwa kwedu pachedu kunozviratidza sekuziva kwedu pachedu; pakati penyika nesu rusingaoneki, rusvingo rwakajeka rwunovhura: izvo zvehana yedu. Ichokwadi kuti patinongoberekwa tinonzwa kusurukirwa; Asi vana nevakuru vanogona kukunda kusurukirwa kwavo vobva vakanganwa ivo pachavo kuburikidza nekutamba kana nebasa. Panzvimbo pezvo, wechidiki, anodzedzereka pakati pehudiki nehudiki, anomiswa kwechinguva pamberi pehupfumi husingaperi hwenyika. Wechidiki anoshamisika kuva. (…)
- Enderera na: Zvinyorwa zvekunamatira
