Mienzaniso yeBiomolecule - Encyclopedia

Zvemukati

Rinoshanda
Mhando dzebiomolecule
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Mapuroteni

Iyo biomolecule Iwo ndiwo mamorekuru aripo mune zvese zvipenyu. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti biomolecule anoumba zvese zvipenyu zvisinei nehukuru hwayo.

Morekuru rimwe nerimwe (rinoumba biomolecule) rinoumbwa ne maatomu. Aya anonzi bioelements. Bioelement yega yega inogona kuverengerwa ne kabhoni, hydrogen, okisijeni, senitrogen, nesarufa uye mutambo. Yese biomolecule ichave inoumbwa neimwe yeaya mabioelements.

Rinoshanda

Basa guru re "biomolecule" ndiko "kuve chikamu" chezvinhu zvipenyu. Kune rimwe divi izvi zvinofanirwa kuumba chimiro chesero. Zvinogona zvakare kuve kuti iyo biomolecule inofanirwa kuita chimwe chiitiko chakakosha kukosha kwesero.

Mhando dzebiomolecule

Biomolecule inogona kuiswa muzvinhu zvisina kujairika biomolecules senge Mvura, iyo Mineral munyu uye magasi, nepo organic biomolecule yakakamurwa zvichienderana nekubatana kwavo kwemamorekuru uye mamwe mabasa.

Kune mhando ina dze organic biomolecule:

Carbohydrate. Sero rinoda makabhohaidhiretsi sezvo iwo anopa sosi huru yesimba. Aya akaumbwa ne3 bioelements: Carbon, Hydrogen uye Okisijeni. Zvinoenderana nekubatanidzwa kwemamorekuru aya, makabhohaidhiretsi anogona kuve:

Monosaccharides. Ivo vane imwechete molecule yeimwe neimwe. Mukati meboka iri mune michero. Glucose iri zvakare monosaccharide uye iri muropa rezvinhu zvipenyu.
Kuburitsa. Kubatana kwemaviri monosaccharide makabhohaidhiretsi ichaumba disaccharide. Muenzaniso weiyi sucrose inowanikwa mushuga uye lactose.
Polysaccharides. Kana matatu kana anopfuura monosaccharides akabatanidzwa anozoguma nehydrohydrate polysaccharide biomolecule. Mimwe yeiyi starch (inowanikwa mumatatata) uye glycogen (inowanikwa mumuviri wevanhu vapenyu, kunyanya mumhasuru uye munhengo yechiropa).

Onawo: Mienzaniso yeMonosaccharides, Disaccharides uye Polysaccharides

Lipids. Ivo vanoumba sero membrane uye vari chengetedza simba yemuviri. Dzimwe nguva aya anogona kuve mavitamini kana mahormone. Izvo zvakagadzirwa neakakora acid uye doro. Ivo zvakare vane macheni akakura emaatomu e kabhoni uye hydrogen. Zvinogona kungoputswa muzvinhu zvakaita sedoro kana ether. Naizvozvo, hazvigoneke kuputsa izvi mumvura. Vanogona kukamurwa zvichienderana nebasa ravo chairo mumapoka mana:

Lipids ine simba basa. Ivo vari muchimiro chemafuta. Ndihwo hunhu hweadipose tishu hunowanikwa nevanhu vazhinji pasi peganda. Iyi lipid inogadzira inodzivirira uye inodzivirira diki kubva kunotonhora. Inowanikwawo mumashizha emiti, ichivatadzisa kuoma nyore.
Lipids ine chimiro chechimiro. Iwo phospholipids (ane phosphorus mamorekuru) uye anogadzira iyo membrane ye masero.
Lipids ine mahormonal basa. Aya anonziwo "steroids". Muenzaniso: mahormone bonde revanhu.
Lipids ine vhitamini basa. Iyi lipids inopa zvinhu zvekukura kwakakodzera kwezvinhu zvipenyu. Mimwe yeiyi vitamini A, D, uye K.

Onawo: Mienzaniso yeLipids

Mapuroteni. Iwo ma biomolecule anoita basa rakasiyana mumuviri. Izvo zvakagadzirwa nemamorekuru e kabhoni, okisijeni, hydrogen uye senitrogen.

Aya mapuroteni ane amino acids. Kune makumi maviri emhando dzakasiyana dzeamino acids. Iko kusanganiswa kweaya amino acids kunoguma nemapuroteni akasiyana. Nekudaro (uye vakapihwa kuwanda kwemasanganiswa) vanogona kuiswa muzvikwata zvishanu zvakakura:

Structural mapuroteni. Ivo chikamu chemuviri wevose vapenyu. Muenzaniso weboka iri remapuroteni keratin.
Mahormone mapuroteni. Ivo vanodzora mamwe mabasa emuviri. Muenzaniso weboka iri insulin, iyo ine basa rekudzora kupinda kweglucose muchitokisi.
Mapuroteni ekudzivirira. Vanoshanda sedziviriro yemuviri. Ndokunge, ivo vane basa rekurwisa nekudzivirira muviri kubva kumahutachiona, hutachiona kana hutachiona. Ivava vane zita rekuti masoja ekudzivirira chirwere. Semuenzaniso: machena masero eropa.
Kutakura mapuroteni. Seizvo zita ravo rinoratidza, ivo vane basa rekutakura zvinhu kana mamorekuru kuburikidza neropa. Semuyenzaniso: hemoglobin.
Mapuroteni eenzymatic chiito. Ivo vanomhanyisa kuunganidzwa kwehutano nenhengo dzakasiyana dzemuviri. Muenzaniso weiyi amylase iyo inoputsa glucose kubvumira kufananidzwa kwayo kuri nani nemuviri.

Onawo: Mapuroteni Mienzaniso

Nyukireya acids. Iwo maacidi anofanirwa, sebasa ravo guru, kudzora mashandiro esero. Asi iro basa hombe ndere kupfuudza iwo magene kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kuchizvarwa. Aya maacid akaumbwa nemamorekuru e kabhoni, hydrogen, okisijeni, senitrogen uye mutambo. Izvi zvakapatsanurwa kuita zvikamu izvo zvinodaidzwa nucleotides.

Kune maviri marudzi e nucleic acids: