Mienzaniso Yenyaya

Vhidhiyo: Nyaya Philosophy: The Basis of Indian Logic

Zvemukati

Mhando dzenyaya
Mienzaniso yenyaya

Iyo nyaya Iyo ipfupi nyaya, iine mashoma mavara uye iine zano rimwe chete rinogona kubva pane chaiye kana fungidziro zviitiko. Semuyenzaniso: Kuenderera mberi kwemapaki (Julio Cortazar), Iyo Taura-Tale Moyo (Edgar Allan Poe) uye Pinocchio (Carlo Collodi).

Idzi ngano dzine zano rakapfava, umo vatambi vanopinda muchiitiko chimwechete chepakati. Iwo nzvimbo zvakare ane mashoma: zviitiko zvinowanzoitika munzvimbo dzinopfuura imwe kana mbiri.

Kunge chero chinyorwa chinyorwa, nyaya yacho yakarongedzwa muzvikamu zvitatu:

Nhanganyaya. Uku ndiko kutanga kwenyaya, umo vatambi nezvinangwa zvavo zvinoratidzwa, kuwedzera kune "zvakajairika" zveiyo nyaya, iyo inozoshandurwa pfundo.
Knot. Kunetsana kunokanganisa zvakajairwa kunoratidzwa uye zviitiko zvakakosha zvikuru zvinoitika.
Mhedzisiro. Mhedziso uye kugadzirisa kwekukonana kunoitika.

Onawo: Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa

Mhando dzenyaya

Anoshamisa ngano. Vatambi vanobatanidzwa muchirongwa vane hunhu hunoshamisa. Semuenzaniso: fairies, varoyi, machindakadzi, goblins, gnomes, elves. Zvemashiripiti uye zvinonakidza zviitiko zvinotungamira. Zvinowanzoitirwa vana. Semuyenzaniso: Diki Dzvuku Kutasva Hood, Pinocchio, Iyo Diki Mermaid.
Ngano dzinonakidza. Mune idzi nyaya, zvakajairika uye zvezuva nezuva zviito zvinorondedzerwa izvo zvinongoerekana zvichikanganiswa nechinhu chisingatsanangurike chinotyora nemitemo yezvakasikwa. Kune vatambi, hapana mutsauko pakati pezvinobvira neizvo zvisingaite. Ndokunge, iyo yakanakisa inoonekwa seyakasikwa. Semuyenzaniso: Aleph, The Feather Cushion.
Ngano chaidzo. Ivo vanoshandisa zvinhu zvehupenyu hwepanyama, saka nyaya dzavo dzinovimbika, zvinogoneka mune chaiko nyika. Izvo hazvisanganise zvemashiripiti kana zvinonakidza zviitiko, pamwe nehunhu hunogona kubuda muchokwadi (senge varoyi, fairies kana zvipoko). Yayo yenzvimbo uye yepakati nzvimbo inowanzo kutorwa kubva kuhupenyu chaihwo, iyo inopa iyo nyaya kuwedzera kwechokwadi. Semuyenzaniso: Tsuro, Imba yekuuraira.
Nyaya dzinotyisa. Chinangwa chayo ndechekuunza kutya kana kunetsekana muvaverengi, uye izvi zvinoitwa nekugadzira imwe mhepo kana nekutaura nyaya inotyisa. Mamwe madingindira anowanikwa murudzi urwu lwenyaya imhosva dzinotyisa, zvipoko kana dzimba dzakatukwa. Semuyenzaniso: Iyo nhema katsi, Iyo chiratidzo.
Detective ngano. Iyo nyaya inotenderera pamhosva uye nekutsvaga kwayo mhosva. Rondedzero yacho yakanangana nekuudza iwo madanho enzira iyo mapurisa kana mutikitivha vanokwanisa kuwana mupomeri uye vanzwisise chinangwa chemhosva. Pane mhando mbiri dzenyaya dzeutikitivha:

- Classics. Mutikitivha ndiye anotarisira kujekesa zvakavanzika izvo, pakutanga, zvinoita sezvisingakwanise kugadzirisa. Kuti aite izvi, anoshandisa zvine musoro kufunga uye kucherechedzwa kwemashoko. Semuyenzaniso: Tsamba yakabiwa.
- Vatema. Mavara acho akaomesesa kupfuura emapurisa echinyakare uye musiyano uripo pakati pemagamba nevakaipa hauna kujeka. Semuyenzaniso: Mumvuri usiku.

ZVINOSHAMISA

dzvuku Kutasva Hood. Munyori wechiFrench Charles Perrault ndiye akatanga kunyora nyaya iyi nemuromo. Inotaurira nyaya yemusikana uyo, pakukumbira kwaamai vake, anounza tswanda kuna mbuya vake, vanogara musango uye vanorwara. Ari munzira, musikana uyu anonyengerwa nemhumhi hombe yakaipa. Kutenda kune wekutema matanda aipfuura, nyaya yacho inoguma nemhedzisiro inofadza.
Pinocchio. Munyori waro ndiCarlo Collodi. Nyaya yakaburitswa mupepanhau reItari Giornale per ini bambini pakati pemakore 1882 na1883. Iyo protagonist chiputi chehuni chinova mukomana chaiye, sekuda kwake muvezi, Geppetto. Chishuwo chinopihwa neBlue Fairy, asi iine bakoat: kuti chiputi chive mukomana chaiye, anofanira kuratidza kuti anoteerera, ane mutsa, ane rupo uye akatendeka. Pepito Grillo, anova izwi rehana yake, achaita basa rakakosha mukuita izvi.
Mermaid mudiki. Yakanyorwa nanyanduri weDenmark Hans Christian Andersen, iyi nyaya yakaburitswa muna 1937. Inotaura nyaya yemwanasikana wamambo wechidiki anonzi Ariel uyo, sechipo chebhavhadhe, anogadzirira kuita kuti kurota kwake kuzadzike: kuziva nyika yevanhu.

FANTASTIC TALE

Aleph. Yakanga yakanyorwa naJorge Luis Borges uye yakaburitswa kekutanga mumagazini chamhembe muna 1945 uye gare gare, yakava chikamu chebhuku rine zita rimwe chete. Iye protagonist wenyaya - uyo ane zita rimwe chete nemunyori waro, kuita kuti miganho pakati pechokwadi nenhema zvinyanye kusanzwisisika - anozofanira kusangana nekurasikirwa kunorwadza kwaBeatriz Viterbo. Chese chekupemberera kufa kwake, sekuvimbiswa, shanyira imba yaakange akagara mairi kusvika parufu rwake. Ikoko anogadza hukama nehama yaBeatriz, Daneri, uyo anomuratidza nhetembo yakakura yekunyora kwake uye kuyedza kuisuma.
Iyo manhenga mutsago. Iyi nyaya yakanyorwa neUruguay Horacio Quiroga, uye yakaverengerwa mu Ngano dzerudo, kupenga uye kufa, rakaburitswa muna 1917. Alicia anotanga kurwara nechirwere chisingazivikanwe icho, nekufamba kwemazuva, chinosiya mubhedha wake. Chiremba anoedza munzira dzakasiyana siyana kuti amurape, pasina kubudirira. Rimwe zuva, musikana wacho paaigadzira mubhedha watenzikadzi wake, akawana mavara eropa pamutsago. Pakarepo, anoudza Jordán, murume waAlicia, uye vese vanoona kuti pakati peminhenga yepiro paive nemhuka yakavanda iyo yakakonzera kufa kwaAlicia: yakayamwa ropa kubva mumusoro wake.

ZVAKAITIKA MAPURISA TALE

Tsamba yakabiwa. Rakanyorwa naEdgar Allan Poe, iri basa rakagadzwa muParis muma1800s. Mumwe mushumiri anoba tsamba kubva kumunhu ane simba kuti aichengete patsitsi dzake. Mapurisa anodarika nepamba pake millimeter nemamilimita pasina mhanza uye vanoenda kunotsvaga Dupin uyo, mushure mekushanyira mbavha, anowana pane tsamba iyi, ndokuitsiva neimwe yenhema, kuti gurukota rifunge kuti rinoramba riine simba .

NEMAHARA POLICE TALE

Mumvuri usiku. Munyori wenyaya iyi akagadzwa muUnited States yema1920 ndiDashiell Hammett. Kubudikidza nenhevedzano yemavara, nyaya inoendesa izvo makore iwayo akaratidzirwa neProhibition, gangsters uye rusarura rusarura.

NYAYA DZECHOKWADI

Tsuro. Munyori waro ndiAbelardo Castillo. Iyi pfupi nyaya inotora chimiro chemonologue uye protagonist wayo mukomana anotaurira toy yake, tsuro, kusurukirwa kwaanotambura nako munyika yevakuru, maanotorwa sechinhu.
Iyo yekuuraira. Yakaburitswa makore makumi maviri mushure mekufa kwemunyori wayo, Esteban Echeverría, muna 1871. MuBuenos Aires inotongwa neRosa, "El Restaurador", iro basa rinoburitsa kupesana kwechisimba kwaivapo pakati peva Unitarians nemaFederalist uye kuti vekupedzisira vanozvisiya sei kutorwa nehutsinye.

NYAYA DZINOTYANYA

Mboro nhema. Yakanga yakanyorwa naAmerican Edgar Allan Poe uye yakatanga kuburitswa mupepanhau Mugovera Manheru Post, muna Nyamavhuvhu 1843. Inotaurira nyaya yevakaroora vanorarama hupenyu hwakajairika nekatsi yavo. Rimwe zuva rakanaka, murume anowira mukudhakwa uye, mukutsamwa, anouraya chipfuwo. Zvese zvinomhanyisa kana pakava nekatsi nyowani pachiitiko uye inoguma mune yakaipa denouement.
Muchengeti. Yakanga yakanyorwa naCharles Dickens uye yakaburitswa mumagazini yezvinyorwa Gore rese kutenderera, muna 1866. Inotaurira nyaya yemweya iyo inowanzoonekwa panzira dzezvitima uye inogara ichiita nenhau dzinotyisa. Pese paanoonekwa, muchengeti anoziva kuti kufa kuri kuuya.