Mayan mhemberero nzvimbo

Zvemukati

• Nhoroondo yehupenyu hweMayan
• Main Mayan mhemberero nzvimbo

Iyo maya vaive pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican budiriro yaivepo kubva 2000 makore Kristu asati asvika kusvika kana zvishoma 1697, vachitora nzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweMexico nekuchamhembe kweCentral America: iyo Yucatan Peninsula yese, iyo yakazara Guatemala neBelize, pamwe nechikamu cheHonduras uye El Salvador.

Kuvapo kwayo pakati petsika dzevamiririri veAmerica kwakasimbiswa nekuda kweyakaomesesa uye epamberi tsika masisitimu, ayo aisanganisira nzira dzekunyora dzeglyphic (iyo chete yakanyatsogadziriswa nzira yekunyora, kuwedzera, mune dzese pre-Columbian America), yeunyanzvi uye ekuvaka, yemasvomhu (ndivo vaive vekutanga kushandisa mhedzisiro zero) uye kuongorora nyeredzi.

Maguta makuru eMayan anoratidza kukosha kwekuvaka nyangwe zvazvo vakakura vasina dhizaini yepamberi, kutenderedza nzvimbo yemhemberero iyo yaishandira senge axis yavo. Vakanga vakabatana kune mumwe nemumwe nekutengesa netiweki, izvo kwemazana emakore zvakapa kukwikwidza kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakakonzera hondo zhinji.

Nhaka uye madzitateguru madzimambo akaitika mutsika yavo, pamwe nekubaira kwevanhu, kuomesa zvitunha, uye mitambo yemitambo yebhora. Vakanga vaine yavo karenda system, iyo ichiri kuchengetedzwa nanhasi. Uye kunyangwe ivo vaiwanzo nyora nhoroondo yavo nekunyora tsika dzavo, zhinji dzetsika dzavo dzakarasika zvisingaite nekuda kwehutsinye hwekukunda kweSpain.

Kunyangwe zvakadaro, zvisaririra zvemazuva ano zvemitauro yeMayan uye nemhando dzadzo dzehunyanzvi zvinoramba zviri munharaunda zhinji dzeGatemala neChiapas, Mexico.

Nhoroondo yehupenyu hweMayan

Nhoroondo yeMaya inodzidziswa zvichienderana nezvikamu zvina zvakakura, zvinoti:

• Preclassic nguva (2000 BC-250 AD). Iyi nguva yekutanga inoitika kubva kumagumo enguva yechinyakare, panguva iyo maMaya akavamba nekuvandudza kurima, nokudaro zvichipa kusimukira kwehupfumi. Iyi nguva ichibva yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvenguva: Yekutanga Preclassic (2000-1000 BC), Middle Preclassic (1000-350 BC) uye Late Preclassic (350 BC-250 AD), kunyangwe iko kunyatso kweiyi nguva kuri kusahadzika. nyanzvi dzakawanda.
• Nguva yechinyakare (250 AD-950 AD). Nguva yekutumbuka kwetsika yeMayan, umo maguta makuru eMayan akabudirira uye hunyanzvi hwekugona nehungwaru hwakaratidzwa. Paive nekuparadzaniswa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakakomberedza maguta eTikal neCalakmul, izvo zvakazopedzisira zvaunza kuparara kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kusiiwa kwemaguta, pamwe nekupera kwemadzishe mazhinji uye kuunganidza kuchamhembe. Iyi nguva yakakamurwa zvakare muzvikamu zvenguva pfupi: Yekutanga Classic (250-550 AD), Late Classic (550-830 AD) uye Terminal Classic (830-950 AD).
• Postclassic nguva (950-1539 AD). Yakakamurwa ichichinjika kuva yekutanga postclassic (950-1200 AD) uye yekupedzisira postclassic (1200-1539 AD), nguva ino inoratidzirwa nekudonha kwemaguta makuru eMayan uye kuderera kwechitendero chavo, zvichikonzera kubuda kweitsva madhorobha nzvimbo padyo nemhenderekedzo uye masosi emvura, kukuvadza nzvimbo dzakakwirira. Aya maguta matsva akarongedzwa akakomberedza kanzuru yakajairika kana kushoma, kunyangwe hazvo panguva yekutaurirana kwekutanga neSpanish muna1511, yaive seti yemapurovhinzi ane tsika dzakajairika asi rakasiyana rezvematongerwo enyika.
• Nguva yekubatana uye kukunda kweSpanish (1511-1697 AD). Iyi nguva yemakakatanwa pakati pevapambi veEuropean uye tsika dzeMayan dzakawedzera muhondo dzakawanda uye kukunda kwemaguta eiyi budiriro, yakaneteswa nemakakatanwa emukati nekutama kwemaguta. Mushure mekudonha kwevaAztec uye nehumambo hweQuiché, maMaya akakundwa ndokuparadzwa nevakakunda, vachisiya tutsika tutsika nemagariro avo. Guta rekupedzisira rakazvimirira reMayan, Nojpetén, rakawira kumauto eMartín de Urzúa muna 1697.

Main Mayan mhemberero nzvimbo

1. Tikal. Imwe yenzvimbo hombe uye huru dzemadhorobha eruzhinji rwevaMayan, iyo yanhasi inoramba iri nzvimbo yakakosha yezvinocherwa mumatongo kuvadzidzi vetsika nemagariro evanhu kubva muna 1979. Zita rayo reMayan raidai raive Yux Mutul uye raizove iro guta guru reimwe humambo hweMayan hune simba, zvichipesana nehumambo hune hukuru hwaive Calakmul. Iyo ingangodaro iri rakadzidza kwazvo uye rakanzwisisika guta reMayan munyika.
2. Copan. Iri kumadokero kweHonduras muDhipatimendi rezita rimwe chete, makiromita mashoma kubva kumuganhu neGuatemala, ino nzvimbo yemhemberero yeMayan yaimbova guta guru rehumambo hune simba munguva yeClassic Mayan. Zita rake reMayan rainzi Oxwitik uye kudonha kwake kwakagadzirwa mukudonha kwaMambo Uaxaclajuun Ub'ahh K'awiil pamberi paMambo weQuiriguá. Chikamu chenzvimbo yekuchera matongo chakakanganiswa nerwizi rweCopán, ndosaka muna 1980 mvura yakatsauswa kuchengetedza nzvimbo iyi, yakazivisa World Heritage Site gore rimwe chete neUNESCO.
3. Palenque. Inodaidzwa mumutauro wechiMayan 'Baak', yaive mune inova maguta eChiapas, Mexico, padyo nerwizi rweUsumancita. Raive guta repakati nepakati reMayan, asi richizivikanwa nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwekuvaka uye nhaka, uripo nanhasi. Inofungidzirwa kuti chete 2% yenzvimbo yeguta rekare inozivikanwa, uye iyo yakasara yakafukidzwa nesango. Yakaziviswa World Heritage Saiti muna 1987 uye nhasi inzvimbo yakakosha yekuchera matongo.
4. Izamal. Zita rake reMayan, Chaita, zvinoreva kuti "dova rinobva kudenga", uye nhasi iguta reMexico munosangana tsika nhatu dzenhoroondo mudunhu iri: pre-Columbian, colonial uye ano Mexico. Ndokusaka ichizivikanwa se "Guta remitawo mitatu". Inowanikwa angangoita 60km kubva kuChichen-itzá, munzvimbo dzayo mune mapiramidhi mashanu eMayan.
5. Dzibilchaltún. Iri zita reMayan rinoshandura "nzvimbo yakanyorwa dombo" uye rinoreva nzvimbo yekare yemhemberero yeMayan, nhasi nzvimbo yekuchera matongo, iri munzvimbo isingazivikanwe National Park padyo neguta reMexico reMerida. Xlacah cenote iri imomo, inonyanya kukosha munzvimbo iyi uye iyo yakapa maMayaan kusvika pamamita makumi mana ekudzika kwemvura; pamwe neTembere yeVanomwe Madhora, umo maMayan madhizaini evhu nemidziyo yakawanda yenguva yacho yakawanikwa.
6. Sayil. Inowanikwa muHurumende yeYucatán, Mexico, ino yekare nzvimbo yeMayan yekurima elite yakavambwa munenge muna 800 AD, mukupera kweClassic sub period. Zvakasara zveIsail Palace zvinoramba zviripo, pamwe nePiramidhi yeChaac II uye imwe 3.5 km yenzvimbo yekuchera matongo.
7. Ek Balam. Zvakare iri muYucatán, Mexico, zita rayo rinoreva "dema jaguar" muna Mayan uye kubvira payakatanga muna 300 BC. yaizove guta rakapfuma kwazvo mukati medunhu rine vanhu vakawanda, rine zita reMayan raive 'Talol', asi rakanga rakavambwa zvinoenderana nemagwaro akanyorwa naÉek'Báalam kana Coch CalBalam. Inosanganisira zvivakwa makumi mana neshanu kubva panguva iyi, kusanganisira acropolis, chivakwa chakatenderera, bhora redare, mapatya maviri emapiramidhi, uye arch pasuwo.
8. Kabah. Kubva paMayan "ruoko rwakaoma", Kabah yaive yakakosha mhemberero nzvimbo ine zita rinodudzwa mumayan nhoroondo. Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare seKabahuacan kana "Royal Serpent iri muruoko." Nenharaunda ye1.2 km²Iyi nzvimbo yezvokuchera matongo muYucatan, Mexico, yakasiiwa nemaMayan (kana zvirinani hapana nzvimbo dzemitambo dzakaitwa mukati mayo) mazana emakore kusati kwakunda kweSpanish. Nzira yevanofamba netsoka 18 km kureba uye 5 m yakafara yakabatanidza saiti neguta reUxmal.
9. Unxmal. Guta reMayan reyakavanzika nguva uye nhasi imwe yenzvimbo nhatu dzinonyanya kukosha dzekuchera matongo dzetsika iyi, pamwe neTikal neChichen-itzá. Inowanikwa muYucatán, Mexico, ine zvivakwa zvePuuc, pamwe nekuvakwa kwemaMayan uye hunyanzvi hwechitendero, senge masiki emwari Chaac (wemvura) uye humbowo hwetsika dzeNahua, senge mifananidzo yeQuetzalcoátl. Uye zvakare, kune iyo Pyramid yeMagic, ine mashanu mazinga, uye Gavhuna Palace iyo nzvimbo inopfuura 1200m².
10. Chichen-Itza. Zita rayo muchiMayan rinoshandura "muromo wetsime" uye ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo huru dzekuchera matongo dzetsika yeMayan, iri muYucatan, Mexico. Kune mienzaniso yekushongedza mapurani nematembere mahombe, senge Kukulcán, mumiriri weMayan weQuetzalcoátl, mwari weToltec. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti yaigara nevanhu vakasiyana siyana mazera ese, kunyangwe zvivakwa zvayo zvichibva munguva yekupedzisira yeClassic Maya. Muna 1988 yakaziviswa nhaka yetsika dzevanhu uye muna 2007 tembere yeKukulcán yakapinda muNew Seven Wonders of the Modern World.