Zvemukati
Iyo Shanduko yeMexico Yakanga iri kurwa kwezvombo kwakatanga muna 1910 uye ikapera muna 1920, iyo yaimiririra chiitiko chakakosha kwazvo munezvematongerwo enyika nevematongerwo enyika muzana re20th reMexico. Yakanga iri nhevedzano yekumukira kwehondo kurwisa hurumende dzakateedzana pasi pesimba rehudzvanyiriri raPorfirio Díaz, iro rakagara kusvika chechipiri kana chegumi chezana ramakore, apo Bumbiro reMexico rakazoparidzwa.
Munguva yekurwa, mauto akavimbika kuhurumende yehudzvanyiriri ye Porfirio Diaz, uyo akatonga nyika kubva muna 1876, achipesana nevapanduki vaitungamirwa na Francisco I. Madero, uyo akaona mukana wekutanga musangano wekutora iyo Republic. Vakabudirira muna 1910, kuburikidza neSan Luis Plan, mavakakwira kubva kuchamhembe kweMexico kubva kuSan Antonio (Texas).
Sarudzo dzesarudzo dzakaitwa muna 1911 uye iyo Madero akasarudzwa semutungamiri. Asi kusawirirana kwake nevamwe vatungamiriri vechimurenga, vakadai saPascual Orozco naEmiliano Zapata, kwakakonzera kupesana nevaaimboshanda navo. Mukana wakatorwa neboka remasoja anozivikanwa nhasi se "Njodzi Gumi", uyo, achitungamirwa naFélix Díaz, Bernardo Reyes naVictoriano Huerta, vakaita coup ndokuuraya mutungamiri wenyika, mukoma wake uye mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wenyika. Nekudaro, Huerta akafunga mvumo yenyika.
Hazvina kutora nguva kuti vatungamiriri vechimurenga vaite saVenustiano Carranza kana Francisco “Pancho” Villa, uyo akarwira de facto hurumende kusvika Huerta abva pachigaro muna 1912, mushure mekurwiswa kweVeracruz neNorth America. Zvino, kure nekusvika murunyararo, kukakavadzana kwakatanga pakati pemapoka akasiyana akange abvisa Huerta, saka Carranza akadaidza musangano weAguascalientes kuti atumidze mutungamiri mumwe chete, aive Eulalio Gutiérrez, akasarudzwa mutungamiri wenyika. Zvisinei, Carranza pachake aizozvidza chibvumirano uye ruvengo rwaizotangazve.
Pakupedzisira, matanho ekutanga akatorwa kuti aite a bumbiro idzva renyika muna 1917 uye kuunza Carranza kusimba. Asi kurwa kwemukati kwaizotora mamwe makore mashoma, panguva iyo vatungamiriri ava vaizourayiwa: Zapata muna 1919, Carranza muna 1920, Villa muna 1923, uye Obregón muna 1928.
Asi yatove muna 1920 Adolfo de la Huerta akange atora mvumo, uye muna 1924 Plutarco Elías Calles, achipa nzira kune nhoroondo yedemokrasi yenyika uye nekugumisa Chimurenga cheMexico.
Zvinokonzera Shanduko yeMexico
- Dambudziko rePorphyry. Colonel Porfirio Díaz akange atotonga Mexico mukati memakore makumi matatu nemana ekutonga kwehudzvanyiriri, panguva iyo kuwedzera kwehupfumi kwakange kwagadzirwa pamutengo we malaise evadzidzi vakapfuma zvishoma. Izvi zvakaburitsa kusagadzikana kwemagariro, zvematongerwo enyika, zveupfumi uye zvetsika nemagariro, izvo zvakakurudzira vavengi vake nekukanganisa kuvimbika kwehurumende yake. Apo Díaz pachake akazivisa kuti aizosiya basa kubva pamagumo pakupera kwetemu yake, mapoka akatsamwa akanzwa kuti mukana wavo wauya kuzomanikidza shanduko munyika.
- Dambudziko remunda. Mune imwe nyika ine vanhu vanosvika makumi masere muzana vekumaruwa, mitemo nemagariro zveupfumi zvaivepo yaive yeayo evaridzi vedzimba uye varidzi veminda. Varimi uye nharaunda yemunharaunda vakararama varombo uye vane chikwereti chehupenyu, vakatorerwa nyika dzekudyidzana uye vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akashata ekuvapo zvekuti mutori venhau wekuAmerica J. K. Turner mubhuku rake Barbarian Mexico Pakasvika 1909 akakwanisa kufanoona kumukira kuri kuuya kwevakadzvinyirirwa.
- Kuzvidzwa kwehunhu huripo-Darwinism. Iye positivist achifunga kuti makirasi anotonga aive nawo akapinda mudambudziko mukutanga kwezana ramakore, sezvo makuru emestizo aida kuravira kukuru mukutora sarudzo dzenyika. Boka repamusoro rakadaidzwa kuti "maSainzi" rakanga risingachaonekwi sevowo chete vanokwanisa kushandisa simba. Izvi zvaimiririra chikamu cheiyo porfirate.
- Madero ekurwisa-kuvhota sarudzo. Iwo mafambiro akasiyana-siyana (matatu) akaitwa naMadero ekuparadzira anti-Porfirian mafungiro mukati merudzi rwose akabudirira zvekuti akapomerwa mhosva yekukurudzira kupandukira uye akatongerwa kujeri. Aizosunungurwa nebhaari, asi asina kodzero yekubva munyika kana kutora chikamu musarudzo, umo Colonel Porfirio Díaz akasarudzwazve, achipesana nevimbiso yake.
- Dambudziko ra1907. Dambudziko muEurope neUnited States rakakonzera kudzikira kukuru mumakambani emakambani uye mitengo yakakwira yekunze, izvo zvakakonzera kushomeka kwemabasa kwakasimudzira huwandu hwevanhu veMexico.
Mhedzisiro yeiyo Mexican Revolution
- 3.4 mamirioni hupenyu hwakakanganiswa. Iko hakuna huwandu chaihwo hwehuwandu hwevakafa panguva yehondo, asi inofungidzirwa kuti iri pakati pemiriyoni imwe nemaviri emamiriyoni evanhu. Kuverenga kutamira kune dzimwe nyika, nzara, kudzikira kwehuwandu hwekuzvarwa uye chirwere cheSpain flu chakaburitswa muna 1918, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vanosvika mamirioni 3.4 vakaona hupenyu hwavo hwakakanganiswa nekusingaperi panguva ino yenhoroondo yeMexico.
- Kuberekwa kwemubati bureau. Nekuda kweshanduko huru yemagariro uye ezvematongerwo enyika yeRevolution, makirasi akashupika anopinda muHurumende kuti vatore mabasa ehutongi. Uto, rakakombamira paRevolution, rakavhurawo hurongwa hwaro uye rakatora vashandi kubva pakati nepakati, vachikura ne50 kana 60% panguva yehurumende yeCalles. Izvi zvaireva shanduko yakakura mukuparadzirwa kwehupfumi munyika.
- Kutama kwemuguta. Kutiza kusagadzikana uye mhirizhonga kumaruwa, sezvo iyo Revolution yaive kufamba kune hukuru hwekugara kumaruwa, chikamu chikuru chevarombo chakatamira kumaguta, nokudaro vachiwedzera mararamiro ehupenyu mumaguta asi zvichikonzera kusaenzana munharaunda mukati.
- Agrarian shanduko. Imwe yeshanduko dzakakosha dzeRevolution, yaibvumidza varimi kuve neminda uye vakagadzira kirasi nyowani yeijidatarios. Izvi, zvakadaro, hazvina kusimudzira hupenyu hwavo zvakanyanya uye vazhinji vachiri kusarudza kutamira kuminda kwavakabatwa zvisina kunaka nekubatwa zvisina kunaka, asi ivo vakabhadharwa zvirinani. Vamwe vazhinji vakatamira kuUnited States.
- Unyanzvi uye zvinyorwa zvinokanganisa. Vazhinji vanyori vekuMexico vakaratidza mumabasa avo zvakaitika pakati pa1910 na1917, vasingazive vachigadzira yakasimba yekushongedza uye yehunyanzvi mhasuru iyo yaizobereka michero mutsika yenyika yavo. Vamwe vevanyori ava Mariano Azuela (uye kunyanya bhuku rake Izvo pazasi 1916), José Vasconcelos, Rafael M. Munoz, José Rubén Romero, Martín Luis Guzmán nevamwe. Nekudaro, kubva muna 1928 zvichienda mberi, mhando ye "Revolutionary Novel" yaizozvarwa. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chakaitika nemubhaisikopo nekutora mifananidzo, vane makereke avo vakaratidzira zvakanyanya makore ehondo.
- Kumuka kwema corridos uye "adelitas". Munguva yechimurenga, corrido, mumhanzi uye chirevo chakakurumbira chakawanikwa kubva murudo rwekare rweSpanish, chakawana simba rakakura, umo zviitiko zvakakura uye zvechimurenga zvakataurwa, kana hupenyu hwevatungamiriri vakakurumbira vakaita sePancho Villa kana Emiliano Zapata vakarondedzerwa. Kubva kwavari kwakazvarwawo chimiro che "adelita" kana soldadera, mukadzi akazvipira kunhandare yehondo, humbowo hwekukosha kwekutora chikamu kwevakadzi pamativi ese ehondo.
- Kuonekwa kwemauto kwevakadzi. Vakadzi vazhinji vakapinda muhondo yehondo, vachisvika pamatanho ekoloneli, lieutenant kana kaputeni, uye vachisiya mucherechedzo wakakosha munzira yaifungwa nevakadzi panguva iyoyo. Pakati pavo tinogona kutumidza Margarita Neri, Rosa Bobadilla, Juana Ramona de Flores kana María de Jesús de la Rosa "the coronela".
