Isaac Newton (1642-1727) aive nyanzvi yefizikisi yeBritish, nyanzvi yemasvomhu, nyanzvi yezvemuchadenga uyo akapa zvipo zvikuru zvesainzi. Iye anoonekwa seimwe yeakanyanya kugona munhoroondo yenyika.
Newton akabudirira muchikamu chefizikisi, masvomhu, optics, uye nyeredzi. Zvaakawana zvakachinja nzira yekuziva uye kunzwisisa zvakasikwa. Pakati pezvakawanikwa zvikuru ndezvi: iyo mitemo yekufamba, mutemo wekukwevera pasi uye dzidziso yevara.
Newton aive chikamu cheshanduko yesainzi yakatanga muRenaissance nezvidzidzo uye zvakawanikwa nenyanzvi yezvemuchadenga Nicolás Copernicus. Izvi zvakaenderera mberi nekushanduka kwayo nemipiro yaJohannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei; uyezve naIsaac Newton. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Albert Einstein akatora mazhinji edzidziso dzake kuvandudza zviwanikwa zvikuru.
- Inogona kukubatsira: Shanduko dzeSainzi
- Mitemo yaNewton yekufamba
Mitemo yekufamba yakaumbwa naIsaac Newton mubasa rake: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687). Iyi mitemo yakaisa hwaro hweshanduko yekunzwisisa kwechinyakare makanika, iro bazi refizikiki iro rinoongorora maitiro emitumbi pazororo kana kufamba nekumhanya kwakaderera (zvichienzaniswa nekumhanya kwechiedza).
Mitemo inotsanangura kuti chero kufamba kwemutumbi kunoenderana nemitemo mikuru mitatu:
- Mutemo wekutanga: Mutemo we inertia. Wese muviri unoramba uri mukuzorora kwawo kunze kwekunge rimwe simba ramanikidza. Semuyenzaniso: Kana mota ikamiswa iine injini, inoramba yakamira kunze kwekunge chimwe chinhu chichiifambisa.
- Mutemo wechipiri: Pfungwa inokosha yemasimba. Simba rinoitwa pamuviri rinowirirana nekumhanyisa kwauchazove nako. Semuyenzaniso: Kana munhu achikava bhora, bhora rinoenderera mberi simba rakawanda rinoshandiswa kukamba.
- Mutemo wechitatu: Mutemo wekuita uye kuita. Kana rimwe simba rikashandiswa pachinhu (chine kana chisina kufamba), chinoshandisa chiyero chakaenzana chesimba pane chekutanga. Semuyenzaniso: SKana munhu netsaona akarovera nemadziro, madziro anoshandisa simba rakafanana pamunhu semunhu akashanda pamadziro.
- Mutemo wegiravhiti
Mutemo wesimba regiravhiti wakakurudzirwa naNewton uye unotsanangura kubatana kwekukwezva pakati pemitumbi yakasiyana nehukuru. Newton aive akavakirwa pamitemo yake yekufambisa kuti ataure kuti simba rinokwevera (simba iro miviri miviri inokwezana) rine hukama ne: chinhambwe pakati pemitumbi miviri iyi uye uremu hweimwe neimwe yemitumbi iyi. Naizvozvo, simba rinokwevera rinoenzanirana nechigadzirwa chevanhu vazhinji chakakamurwa nedaro pakati pavo rakaenzana.
- Corpuscular chimiro chechiedza
Nekupinda mumunda wemaopics, Newton akaratidza kuti mwenje haugadziriswe nemafungu (sezvaitendwa) asi nezvimedu (izvo zvaakadana kuti makomboni) zvinokandwa nekukasira kukuru uye munzira yakatwasuka kubva mumuviri unoburitsa mwenje. Iyi dzidziso yakafumurwa naNewton mubhuku rake: Opticks maanodzidzira kuburitsa, kuratidzira uye nekuparadzira kwechiedza.
Nekudaro, dzidziso yake yakadzikiswa mukufarira dzidziso yekuvhenekerwa yechiedza. Chete muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri (pamwe nekufambira mberi kwehuwandu hwemakanika) ndiko kwaikwanisika kutsanangura chiitiko chechiedza sechinhu, mune dzimwe nguva, uye sefungu, mune dzimwe nguva.
- Dzidziso yevara
Muraraungu waive mumwe wemashura makuru evararama panguva yaNewton. Uyu musayendisiti akawana kuti mwenje wakabva kuzuva sechiedza chena wakaora kuita mavara akasiyana achigadzira muraraungu.
Akazvitarisa achishandisa chishongo mukamuri ine rima. Airega danda remwenje richipfuura pane imwe nzira nepaburi. Izvi zvakapinda kuburikidza nechimwe chechiso cheiyo prism uye chakakamurwa kuva mavara emarangi ane akasiyana maakona.
Newton akashandisawo inonzi dhisiki raNewton, denderedzwa rine zvikamu zvakapendwa zvakatsvuka, orenji, yero, girini, cyan, bhuruu, uye shava. Nekutenderera disc iri nekumhanya kwazvo, iwo mavara anobatana kuita chena.
- Newtonian teresikopu
Muna 1668, Newton akaunza yake teresikopu inoratidzira iyo yaishandisa concave uye convex magirazi. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, masayendisiti aishandisa kuburitsa materesikopu, ayo akabatanidza ma prism nema lensi kuti vakwanise kuwedzera mufananidzo kuti vaone nechekure.
Kunyangwe asiriye wekutanga kushanda nemhando iyi yeteresikopu, anozivikanwa nekukonzeresa chiridzwa uye kushandisa magirazi ekufananidzira.
- Chimiro chePasi
Kusvika panguva iyoyo, uye nekuda kwemipiro uye zvakawanikwa naNicolás Copernicus naGalileo Galilei, zvaitendwa kuti Nyika yaive yakatenderera.
Zvichibva pachinhu chekuti pasi rinotenderera pacharo uye nemutemo wesimba regiravhiti, Newton akashandisa masvomhu ndokutora chinhambwe kubva pamatanho akasiyana epasi kuenda pakati. Akaona kuti zviyero izvi zvakasiyana (hupamhi hweequator hwakareba kupfuura hupamhi kubva padanda kuenda padanda) uye akawana chimiro chevhu chePasi.
- Kukurumidza kwenzwi
Muna 1687 Newton akaburitsa dzidziso yake yezwi muna: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, kwaanotaura kuti kumhanyisa kweruzha hakunei nekusimba kwaro kana kuwanda kwaro, asi pazvinhu zvinoonekwa nemweya wauri kufamba nawo. Semuyenzaniso: Kana ruzha rwakaburitswa pasi pemvura inozofamba neimwe nhanho kupfuura kana ichiburitswa mumhepo.
- Thermal convection mutemo
Parizvino inozivikanwa semutemo weNewton wekutonhora, mutemo uyu unotaura kuti kurasikirwa kwekupisa kunowanikwa nemuviri kwakaenzana nemusiyano wekupisa uripo pakati pemuviri uyu nenzvimbo dzakapoterera.
Semuyenzaniso: KANAKapu yemvura inopisa inotonhorera nekukurumidza pane tembiricha yemukati ye10 ° kupfuura pane tembiricha yemukati ye32 °.
- Kukarukureta
Newton akapinda mune isingagumi kuverenga. Akadaidza kuwanda kwekuverenga (izvo nhasi zvatinodaidza kuti zvigadzirwa), chishandiso chinobatsira kuverenga kutenderera uye makakombama. Mukutanga kwa1665 akawana iro binomial theorem uye akagadzira misimboti yekusiyanisa uye yakakosha Calculator.
Kunyangwe Newton aive wekutanga kuita izvi zvakawanikwa, aive nyanzvi yemasvomhu yekuGerman, Gottfried Leibniz, uyo, awana Calculus ari ega, akaburitsa zvaakawana pamberi paNewton. Izvi zvakavawanisa gakava risina kumira kusvikira kufa kwaNewton muna 1727.
- Mafungu
Mubasa rake: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia MathematicaNewton akatsanangura mashandiro emasaisai sekuziva kwedu nhasi. Akaona kuti shanduko yemasaisai inokonzerwa nemasimba ekuvhiringidza akaitwa neSuva neMwedzi paPasi.
- Enderera na: Mipiro yaGalileo Galilei
