Munyori:
Laura McKinney
Zuva Rekusika:
9 Kubvumbi 2021
Gadziridza Zuva:
12 Chivabvu 2024
Zvemukati
Yakatumidzwa zita kutakura masero kune kuchinjana kwezvinhu pakati pemukati memusero nenzvimbo yekunze iyo yainowanikwa. Izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza ne membrane yeplasma, chinova chipingamupinyi chisingachinjiki chinogadzirisa sero.
Kutakurwa kwemaseru kwakakosha pakupinda kwezvinovaka muviri uye zvinhu zvakanyungudika munharaunda, uye kudzingwa kwemarara kana zvinhu zvakagadziriswa mukati mekamuri, senge mahormone kana makemikari. Zvinoenderana nekutungamira kwaro kufamba kwechinhu uye nemutengo waro wesimba, isu tichataura nezve:
- Passive kutakura. Nekuenda mukuda kweiyo gradient yevasungwa, kureva kuti, kubva pane yakanyatso svikika kusvika kune isina kudzikiswa, inoitika nekupararira kuburikidza nemukono uye haina simba remubhadharo, sezvo ichitora mukana wekusafamba kwema mamorekuru (avo kinetic simba). Kune mhando ina dzekupfuurisa kutakura:
- Kupararira kuri nyore. Izvo zvinhu zvinofamba zvichibva munzvimbo yakanyanya kusunganidzwa kuenda kune isina kusunganidzwa kusvika nhanho dzichienzana.
- Kufambisa kufambiswa. Kutakura kunoitwa nemapuroteni akakosha ekutakura anowanikwa mukati memukoko wesero.
- Kuchenesa. Iyo membrane yeplasma ine pores kuburikidza iyo zvinhu zveimwe saizi inogona kudonhedza mukati mayo ne hydrostatic kumanikidza.
- Osmosis. Kufanana nekupararira kuri nyore, zvinoenderana nedanho re mamorekuru yemvura kuburikidza neiyo membrane, nekuda kwekumanikidza kwepakati uye nekusarudza kwayo.
- Kushanda kwekufambisa. Kusiyana neyakagadzika, inoshanda ichipesana neye gradient yevasungwa (kubva munzvimbo isina kunyanya kuiswa kune imwe yakanyanyisa), saka ine mutengo wesimba remagetsi. Izvi zvinobvumidza maseru kuunganidza izvo zvavanoda kune yavo synthesis maitiro.
Mienzaniso yekutakura kwekungoita
- Kuparara mune iyo phospholipid dura. Nekudaro, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinopinda muchitokisi, senge mvura, oxygen, kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, mavhitamini ane mafuta, masteroid, glycerine, uye mashoma-mamorekuru-huremu hwahwa.
- Kupinda kuburikidza izere mapuroteni chiteshi. Zvimwe zvinhu zveIonic (zvine magetsi), sodiyamu, potasium, calcium kana bicarbonate, inopfuura nepanhengo inotungamirwa nemikana protein yakakosha yeichi, idiki kwazvo.
- Iyo renal glomeruli. Ivo vanosefa ropa muitsvo, vachibvisa iyo urea, creatinine uye munyu, kuburikidza neiyo ultrafiltration maitiro inoitwa neiyo capillaries, ichidzivirira kupfuura kwezvinhu zvakakura uye kuburitsa zvidiki zvidiki nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwesvikiro pacharo.
- Kubata glucose. Iwo maseru anogara achichengetwa aine yakaderera kuwanda kweshuga, ichikonzera kuti igare ichiyerera nekupararira mukati mayo mukati. Kuti uite izvi, mapuroteni anotakura anoatakura mukati ndokuzoaita glucose-6-phosphate.
- Chiito che insulini. Iyi hormone yakavanzwa nepancreas inowedzera kupararira kweglucose muropa mumasero, ichideredza kuvapo kweshuga muropa, ichiita basa gdc.
- Kupararira kwegesi. Kupararira kuri nyore kunobvumira kupinda kwemweya unogadzirwa nekufema, kubva kunze kusvika mukati memasero kubva mukusunganidzwa kwavo muropa. Nenzira iyi CO inodzingwa2 uye oxygen inoshandiswa.
- Kudikitira. Iko kubuda kwezita kuburikidza neganda kunoitwa neosmosis: iyo mvura inoyerera ichibuda kunze uye inotakura chepfu nezvimwe zvinhu nazvo.
- Dyara midzi. Dzine maumbura anosarudzika anotendera mvura nezvimwe zvicherwa kuti zvipinde mukati mechirimwa, vozozvitumira kumashizha kuti photosynthesize.
- Utumbo hwemukati. Epithelial maseru emukati anotora mvura nezvimwe zvinovaka muviri kubva pachigaro, pasina kuvabvumira kupinda muropa. Yakati kusarudzika kunoitika zvisingaite, kuburikidza neiyo electrolyte gradient.
- Kuburitswa kwemakemikari uye mahormone muropa. Iyo inowanzo kugadzirwa nemamakanika eakakwira maseru maseru, pasina muripo weATP.
Mienzaniso yekutakura inoshanda
- Sodium-potassium pombi. Iyo michina yesero membrane iyo inobvumira, kuburikidza neyekutakura mapuroteni, sodium kuti idzingwe mukati memukati mechitokisi ndokutsiviwa ne potassium, kuchengetedza ion gradients (yakaderera sodium uye yakawanda potasium) uye yakakodzera magetsi polarity.
- Calcium pombi. Imwe protein yekufambisa irimo mune membrane yesero, inobvumira calcium kutakurwa ichipesana neayo electrochemical gradient, kubva kune cytoplasm kuenda kunze.
- Phagocytosis. Masero machena eropa anodzivirira muviri anosanganisa, kubudikidza nemasaga enhengo yavo yeplasma, zvikamu zvekunze zvatichazodzinga.
- Pinocytosis. Imwe nzira yekupa phagocytization inopfuurira kuburikidza nekuiswa mukati memubatanidzwa unobvumidza kupinda kwemvura yezvakatipoteredza. Icho chinhu chinoitwa neiyo ovha panguva yekukura kwayo.
- Exocytosis. Kupesana ne phagocytization, inoburitsa maelekitori eserura kuburikidza nemasaga ane membranous anoenda kunze, kudzamara asangana neiyo membrane uye ovhurika kunze. Aya ndiwo maratidziro anoita maNeuron: kufambisa ionic zvirimo.
- Mukondombera. Utachiona hweAIDS hunopinda mumasero nekutora mukana weiyo membrane, ichisunga kune glycoprotein aripo mune yavo yekunze layer (CD4 receptors) uye nekushinga kupinda mukati mayo.
- Transcytosis. Musanganiswa we endocytosis uye exocytosis, inobvumidza kutakurwa kwezvinhu kubva kune imwe svikiro kuenda kune imwe, semuenzaniso, kubva kuma capillaries eropa kuenda kumatishu akakomberedza.
- Shuga phototransferase. Muitiro chaiwo weimwe chokwadi mabhakitiriya Chii coli, iyo ine makemikari kugadzirisa substrates mukati kukwezva vamwe ne covalent bonding uye nekudaro chengetedza yakawanda simba.
- Iron kutora. Iron inotorwa nemabhakitiriya mazhinji nekuviga siderophores senge enterobactin, inosunga simbi inogadzira chelates uye ndokuzobatwa nehukama muhutachiona, uko simbi inosunungurwa.
- LDL inotora. Iyi lipoprotein ine cholesterol esters inotorwa nesero nekuda kwechiito cheapoprotein (B-100) iyo inobvumidza kupinda kwayo kune membrane uye inotevera kuora mukati amino acids.
