Nhaurwa yekukakavara

Zvemukati

• Mienzaniso yezvinyorwa zvinopokana

A rugwaro rwekupokana Iyo ndeimwe iyo iyo munyori anovavarira kupfuuridzira maonero ekuzviisa pasi pane imwe nhaurwa kana nhevedzano yemisoro.

Zvinyorwa zvekukakavara zvine zvinangwa zvekunyengetedza, ndiko kuti, ivo vanotsvaga kugadzira poindi yekuona kana nzira chaiyo kune chero nhaurwa inogutsa.

Pamusoro pezvekupokana zviwanikwa, zvinyorwa izvi zvine zvinyorwa zvekutsanangudza (sezvo zvichipa muverengi ruzivo rwakakodzera), uye zvakare rondedzero kana rhetori (zvishandiso zvepamutemo zvinowedzera kugamuchirwa kwechinyorwa).

Zvimwe zviwanikwa zvinokakavara ndezvi:

• Verbatim makotesheni
• Kupokana kubva kuchiremera
• Kufananidza uye kugadzirisa
• Rondedzero
• Mienzaniso
• Abstractions uye generalizations
• Enumerations uye visual schematics

Chinyorwa chekupokana chinoumbwa nematanho maviri akakosha:

• Pakutanga chinyorwa. Ndiyo pokutangira yaunoda kuratidza kuburikidza nenharo.
• Mhedziso. Synthesis inotungamirwa nemakakatanwa uye inopfupisa iwo maonero ekuratidzwa mune ese zvinyorwa.

Mienzaniso yezvinyorwa zvinopokana

1. Zvinyorwa zvedzidzo. Ivo vanowanzo tarisirwa pane chaicho nzvimbo dzezivo uye vanoburitswa mune avo vezera-vanoongorora magazini, vachishandisa mutauro wehunyanzvi uchiperekedzwa nezvinyorwa, mareferensi, data rehuwandu uye kunyangwe graphical rutsigiro (matafura, magirafu). Idzi ndidzo nzira dzekusimbisa uye kubvumidza kuziva zivo yesainzi, yehunhu uye emabasa ekudzidzisa. Semuyenzaniso:

"Kufarira kuri kuitwa nyika dzese mukurimwa kwe microalgae nekuda kwesimba, pamwe nekudikanwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuchengetedza mvura yakasviba, kwagadzira nzira dzekurapa mvura yakasviba uchishandisa microalgae nzira inovimbisa kubva pakuona kwezveupfumi nemagariro zvichipesana nevamwe vavo veaerobic neanaerobic. . Iyo okisijeni inogadzirwa photosynthetically neiyo microalgae inoshandiswa kune iyo oxidation wepa organic zvinhu uye NH4 + (pamwe nekuchengetedza kunotevera mumari ye aeration), pachinenge chiri kukura autotrophic uye heterotrophic algal uye bhakitiriya biomass inotungamira kukudzoreredza kwepamusoro kwe zvinovaka muviri.” 

1. Kutsoropodza kwehunyanzvi. Kupesana nekutenda kwakakurumbira, hunyanzvi maitiro ezvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi haisi nyaya yekungofungidzira kana kuravira. Vatsoropodzi nyanzvi, semuenzaniso, vanoshandisa ruzivo rwavo, kunzwisisika kwavo uye kugona kwavo kupokana kutsigira fungidziro yekufungidzira yakatenderedza chiitiko cheunyanzvi. Semuyenzaniso:

"Pamusoro Chiedza Chisingatsungiririki cheKuva naMilan Kundera, anodaro Antonio Méndez (akatorwa):

Iine critique yeSoviet communism, iro bhuku, kunyangwe ringaite kunge neimwe nzira mushure mezviri pamusoro, rinomira kunze kwekuseka kwaro, nekuseka, kusviba uye kutsoropodza, kutiisa isu munhau inobata yakawanda-yemanzwiro iyo, mune yayo senhau yemazano ane akawanda uye akaomarara machira, inosanganisa eroticism, kutsvaga uye kuda kukunda uye kutaura kwezvematongerwo enyika, ine huzivi asi diaphanous uye yakanangana maitiro. "

1. Zvematongerwo enyika. Kunyangwe ivo vachikwanisa kushandisa nharo dzakanangana nemanzwiro uye kunyangwe kushandisa chokwadi, hurukuro yezvematongerwo enyika inowanzoenderana nekutenderedzwa kwehukuru hwemaonero maererano nehupfumi, hwemagariro kana zvematongerwo enyika mamiriro ezvinhu. Semuyenzaniso:

"Adolf Hitler -" Tichakunda vavengi veGerman, "Kubvumbi 10, 1923

Hama dzangu dzinodikanwa, varume nevakadzi vechiGerman!

MuBhaibheri makanyorwa kuti: "Chisingapisi kana kutonhora ndinoda kusvipa mumuromo mangu." Uyu mutsara weNazareta mukuru wakachengetedza huchokwadi hwahwo kusvika nhasi. Chero ani anoda kudzungaira nenzira yepakati yegoridhe anofanirwa kuramba kuzadzikiswa kwezvakakura uye zvakanyanya zvinangwa. Nanhasi zvinorehwa uye kudziya kwakaramba kuri iko kutuka kweGerman. "

• Inogona kukubatsira: Pfupi hurukuro

1. Mapepa ezvematongerwo enyika. Kufanana nemisangano yezvematongerwo enyika, vanowanzo tarisa kukakavara kwekukurudzira kwekusagutsikana kwakakurumbira vachida imwe, kazhinji shanduko kana kuratidzira hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika. Nezve izvo zvakavakirwa pamatagi, nharo uye zvichemo, kunyangwe zvisingawanzove nenzvimbo yakawanda yekuzvikudziridza zvakadzama. Semuyenzaniso:

Anarchist pamphlet (chidimbu):

Chete nesangano-rekuzvimiririra redzidzo ndimo matinogona kuvaka libertarian, wepasirese, asiri wezvebonde, asina-rusaruro dzidziso. Uko ruzivo rwunovakwa muhukama hwekudzidza pamwe chete hunosanganisira kusiyana kwedu kwetsika, uko hunhu hwedu hunokura uye isu tisina kubatirirwa mufekitori yevadzidzi vakafanana. Towards to self-management of education! "

1. Zvinyorwa zvepfungwa. Yakaburitswa mupepanhau rezuva nezuva uye rakasainwa nemunyori wavo, vanotsvaga kugonesa vaverengi nezvechiono chavo cheimwe nhaurwa kuburikidza nharo dzakasiyana kana nyaya. Semuyenzaniso:

"Chinyorwa 'Ngano' nemunyori Alberto Barrera Tyszka (Ndira 23, 2016, mazuva ese Nyika):

Ndakaedza. Ndinopika. Ndakagara pasi pamberi pechirevo zvakanyanyisa, ndakagadzirira kubata nemutsara wese, nezvose zvirevo. Ichokwadi kuti ndaive nazvo rusaruro, kusatemba kwemutungamiriri wenyika, uyo, mushure mekunakidzwa nemasimba-ekupa masimba, haana kana kukwanisa kugadzirisa kutadza kwake zvakanaka. "Kunyange zvakadaro, ndakafunga kuti panguva ino ini nehunhu hwangu hwesvomhu, ndaizoyedza kunzwisisa mutemo wezvehupfumi wakataurwa nehurumende."

• Zvimwe mu: Mazano ezvinyorwa

1. Nharo dzemutemo. Munguva yekutongwa, magweta anowanzove nemukana wekupedzisira wekuteterera, ndiko kuti, pfupiso yekutongwa uye dudziro inokodzera nguva yeuchapupu kuyedza kugonesa dare remhosva yavo. Semuyenzaniso:

“Mutongi, ndinobvumirana nemuchuchisi kuti mhosva yekubata chibharo chiito chakashata, kunyadzisa kuri pachena kwehunhu hwehunhu hwevanhu vasipo. Asi haisi iyo iripo nyaya. Sezvatakaratidza pakutanga kwekukakavadzana uku, ayo aNdira 8, zviuru zviviri negumi nenhanhatu hazviiti mhosva yekuita hunhu, sezvo Miss X nemutengi wangu vakabvumirana kuita zvepabonde vasina kureverera chero mhando yechisimbaasi, vaive hukama hwechibvumirano. "

1. Essay zvinyorwa. Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvekuzvipira kune chaicho chaicho chinoenderana nemafungiro (ezvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro evanhu, maitiro, mafirosofi kana emhando ipi zvayo) yemunyori. Ivo vanogona kupokana vakasununguka nezve chero chinhu uye kukurukura musoro wenyaya. Semuyenzaniso:

"Kubva rondedzero naMichel de Montaigne (excerpt):

Zvehutsinye
Ini ndinonzwisisa kuti iyo kunaka icho chimwe chinhu chakasiyana uye chakakwirira kupfuura zvimiro zvekunaka izvo zvakazvarwa matiri. Mweya iyo yega inorayirwa uye hunhu hwakanaka inogara ichitevedza nzira imwechete uye zviito zvavo zvinomiririra zvakafanana kune izvo zvevakanaka; "

1. Kushambadzira. Kunyangwe zvavo nharo dzichiwanzo kunyepa kana dzehunhu uye hwehunhu, zvinyorwa zvekushambadzira zvine nharo sezvo vachitsvaga kugutsa nekukurudzira kudyiwa kwechimwe chigadzirwa pamusoro pemakwikwi acho. Semuyenzaniso:

“Yakasimba Starcuts Mafuta Anopisa: Vatenge Izvozvi!

STAR NUTRITION STARCUTS Iyo Yekupedzisira Yakabvarurwa is ephedrine-isina simba sosi iyo inobatsira kudzora iwo basal metabolic rate. Ine zvisikwa zvemakwenzi zvakabudiswa, zvine caffeine, mavitamini uye zvicherwa, Zvese zvaunoda kuti uwedzere mhasuru dzako uye nezvimwe! "

• Zvimwe mu: Kushambadzira zvinyorwa

1. Zvirongwa zveEcological. Aya magwaro anotsvaga kunyevera nezvekukuvara kwenzvimbo uye vanopokana mukufarira kuitiswa kweculture tsika, iyo inoda kushandiswa kwedata uye kugutsikana kufunga. Semuyenzaniso:

“KWEZVAKAITIKA ZVAKANAKA, ZVINHU ZVESE ZVIRI Muchigaba chayo

Wanga uchiziva here kuti munyika medu kuvepo kwemarara akasimba kwave kungoramba kuchiwedzera, kuve pakati penyika dzinogadzira marara zvakanyanya pamunhu, 62% yezvakabva mudzimba uye 38% yemabhizimusi mavambo (BIOMA, 1991)? Inofungidzirwa kuti, paavhareji, munhu wega wega anogadzira 1 kg yemarara pazuva. Kana tsvina kubva kuzvitoro, zvipatara nemasevhisi akawedzerwa, huwandu hunowedzera ne25-50%, inosvika kusvika ku1.5 kg pamunhu / pazuva (ADAN, 1999). "Tinofanira kuita chimwe chinhu nezvazvo."

1. Gastronomic kurudziro. Kunyangwe kuravira kuri kuzviisa pasi zvachose, pane gastronomic venhau yakapihwa kuyera, kusimudzira kana kuramba maresitorendi, zvichibva pane zvavakaona neruzivo. Kuti vaite izvi, vanoita nharo uye vanotaura zvinangwa zvavo uye vanoedza kugonesa muverengi nezvazvo. Semuyenzaniso:

"Yedu gastronomic kurudziro yanhasi inonzi RANDOM MADRID uye iri paCalle Caracas, 21. Kubva kuvaridzi vezvakakurumbira zviviri El columpio neLe Cocó chirimo ichi tinogona kunakidzwa neimwe yenzvimbo dzinoyemurika muMadrid nemusika wayo wakanaka wepasi rese. chikafu. Iko kusanganiswa pakati pedu chechinyakare chikafu cheSpanish neFrench, Italian, Peruvian, Japan kana Scandinavia haute cuisine. "Zvakanakisa zveimba yega yega kuti tifare mukanwa medu."

1. Vabudisi venhau. Iyo "edhisheni" chikamu chemapepanhau umo pfungwa inopokanwa yevagadziri vepepanhau kana chirongwa chinoburitswa pamusoro wenyaya yavanofarira, kuyedza kugutsa vateereri vavo. Semuyenzaniso:

"Kubva mupepeti yepepanhau reSpanish NyikayaSeptember 12, 2016 (chidimbu):

Mupedzise kutenderera

Vagari vemuEuropean Union vane rusununguko rwekufamba kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe, asi nharembozha dzavo dzinoiswa pasi pechikwereti chakakura kana dzikabvumidzwa kubva kunze kwenyika kuti vafonere, vatarise email kana vawane Indaneti. Ita shandisa nharembozha kana uchidzungaira -iye anozivikanwa kutenderera-zvinoreva kusangana nemitengo yakasarudzika, kazhinji inoshungurudza uye nevashandisi vacho vasingazive nguva dzose. "

1. Kurudzira tsamba. Vashandi, vechikoro kana vevanhu, idzi tsamba dzinopokana dzichitsigira munhu anotsigira ruzivo rweumwe munhu uyo, kuburikidza nemaonero avo, anopupurira kunaka kwezvakakurudzirwa. Semuyenzaniso:

"Buenos Aires, Ndira 19, 2016

KUNE AKAKODZERA:

Ndakaziva VaMiguel Andrés Gálvez, mutakuri wenyika chiziviso nhamba 10358752 kwemakore maviri, uye ndinogona kupupura kuti panguva iyoyo hunhu hwake nemweya wepamusoro wekusimudzira zvaive zvemuenzaniso. "El Gálvez akashanda achitarisirwa neni seMubatsiri weVatengesi, uye kukura kwake kwaigutsa kwazvo, kune vaisayina nekambani yaaimiririra, saka ndinokurudzira kuhaya hunyanzvi hwake." 

• Inogona kukushandira iwe: Zvinhu zvetsamba

1. Veruzhinji hurukuro. Kutaura kunoitwa nevanhu vane mukurumbira kana vakadzidza pazviitiko zveveruzhinji kana mhemberero dzemubairo zvinowanzo kuve nekukakavara kwakanyanya kana kushoma uye kwakanangana nenyaya iri pamusoro pekunzwisisa kwevanhu. Semuyenzaniso:

"Kubva Kusurukirwa kweLatin America, kutaura naGabriel García Márquez mukugamuchirwa kweNobel Prize (excerpt): 

Kuzvimiririra kubva mukutonga kweSpain hakuna kutinunura kubva kuupengo. General Antonio López de Santa Anna, uyo aive katatu mudzvanyiriri weMexico, aive negumbo rerudyi raakange arasa mune inonzi Hondo yeMakeke yakavigwa nemariro akanaka kwazvo. Jenerali Gabriel García Moreno akatonga Ecuador kwemakore gumi nematanhatu samambo chaiye, uye chitunha chake chakange chakafukidzwa muunifomu yake yezvipfeko uye nhumbi dzake dzekushongedza dzakagara pachigaro chemutungamiri wenyika. "

1. Tsamba dzinobva kumuverengi. Mumapepanhau mune zvikamu umo vaverengi vanogona kutaura zvavanofunga pamisoro yakasiyana siyana vakasununguka, vachiitirana nharo nenzira yavanoda. Semuyenzaniso:

"Mazuva ese Rudzi, tsamba kubva pakuverenga kweMugovera, Gunyana 10, 2016 (excerpt):

Zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika

Kwemakore anopfuura makumi matanhatu isu takatambura nemapurojekiti uye mazano nemashiripiti mhinduro pachikamu chePeronism, mune chero ayo akasiyana mavhezheni. Handifunge kuti zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti, mushure menguva yakareba kudaro, mazhinji apera mukundikana kunodhura, semutemo werenti uchiri mudiki. Iye zvino tine bhiri rekutadzisa kupinzwa kwemazuva zana nemakumi maviri. Pamusoro pekusava nebasa, zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti kushandiswa kwemhando idzi dzezviyero kunovhura nzira yehuwori, nekubvumidza kugadzirwa kwezvakasarudzika zvinoita kuti "kugovera" zvivakwa pakubhadhara mutero. "Hapana nzira yekukonzera matambudziko kutengesa zvivakwa."

1. Nhetembo. Kunyangwe iwo ari magwaro akanyorwa aesthetically, iwo zvakare ari pachedu uye epfungwa dzekupokana pamusoro peizvo chokwadi cheunyanzvi chinoreva uye nemabatiro acho, zvakagadzirirwa nevanyori vane basa rinozivikanwa. Semuyenzaniso:

"Vicente Huidobro - 'Nhetembo’

Rega ndima iite sekiyi
Izvo zvinovhura chiuru mikova.
Shizha rinodonha; chimwe chinhu chinopfuura;
Zvakawanda sei maziso anotaridzika akasikwa,
Uye mweya wemuteereri unoramba uchidedera.

Invent worlds nyowani uye chengeta izwi rako;
Iyo chirevo, kana isingapi hupenyu, inouraya. "

• Inogona kukushandira: Nhetembo