15 Mienzaniso yeOxidizers - Encyclopedia

Vhidhiyo: SDA Church Mandara||Health Matters||Kuchengetedza Vana Kubva Kucovid-19||14 Aug 2021||Time: 4:00am||

Zvemukati

Zviitiko "redox"
Mienzaniso yezvinokonzera

Izvo zvinhu oxidizers (O) zvinhu zvinokonzeresa izvo, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo etembiricha uye kumanikidzwa, zvinogona kusanganiswa nemafuta uye kugadzira, chaizvo, kupisa. Mukuita uku oxidizer inoderedza kuita mafuta uye iyo yekupedzisira inosanganiswa neiyo yekutanga.

Oxidizers maokisheni ejenti, anotarisana neakanyanya exothermic kudzikisira-oxidation maitiro (dzinoburitsa kupisa), saka zvakawanda zverudzi urwu zvezvinhu zvinoonekwa senge zvine njodzi kana zvekubata zvine hungwaru, nekuti zvinogona kukonzera kupisa kwakanyanya.

Iyo zvakare inonzi oxidizer, nekuwedzera, chero svikiro umo kupisa kunogona kuitika.

Onawo: Mienzaniso yeMafuta

Zviitiko "redox"

Iyo oxidizersSezvo maokisijeni, ivo vanogadzira "redox" maitiro, ndokuti, kuderedzwa pamwe chete uye oxidation. Mune mhando iyi yekuita, kuchinjaniswa kwemaelectron kunoitika padanho rekuti oxidant inowana maerekitironi (anoderedza) uye iyo inoderedza inorasikirwa nemagetsi (oxidize). Zvese zvinhu zvinobatanidzwa, mukuwedzera, zvinowana iyo oxidation yenyika.

Mienzaniso yerudzi urwu rwekupindura inyaya dzekuputika, kemikari synthesis kana ngura.

Mienzaniso yezvinokonzera

Okisijeni (O₂). Iyo oxidizer par kugona, inobatanidzwa mune zvese zvinopisa kana zvinoputika. Muchokwadi, moto wakajairika haugone kuitika musipo. Kazhinji, redox reaction kubva kune oxygen inogadzira, kuwedzera kune simba, huwandu hweEC₂ nemvura.
Ozone (O₃). Mamorekuru ane gasious anowanikwa zvakatipoteredza, kunyangwe akawandisa munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzemuchadenga, inowanzo shandiswa mukuchenesa mvura uye nedzimwe nzira dzinotora mukana weiyo yakasimba oxidizing simba.
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂KANA₂). Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare sehydrogen peroxide kana dioxogen, inzvimbo ine polar, ine oxidizing mvura, inowanzo shandiswa kurapa maronda kana bvudzi rebhuruu. Fomula yayo haina kugadzikana uye inowanzo kupaza ikaenda mumvura uye mamorekuru eoksijeni, ichiburitsa kupisa simba mukuita. Iyo haibviri kupisa, asi inogona kuburitsa kupisa kwepasipo kana iri pamberi pemhangura, sirivheri, ndarira kana chimwe chinhu chehupenyu..
Hypochlorites (ClO-). Aya maon anowanikwa mumakomputa akawanda akadai seanemvura machena (sodium hypochlorite) kana mapoda (calcium hypochlorite), ayo asina kugadzikana uye anowanzoora pamberi pechiedza chezuva, kupisa uye nezvimwe zvirongwa. Ivo vanoita zvakanyanya kushushikana kune yakasikwa zvinhu, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kupisa, uye kune manganese, ichiumba permanganates..
Permanganates. Aya ndiwo munyu unowanikwa kubva ku permanganésic acid (HMnO₄), kwavanogara nhaka anion MnO₄^– uye nekudaro manganese mune yayo yepamusoro oxidation nyika. Ivo vanowanzo kuve ine rakasimba violet ruvara uye rakanyanya kukwirira kupisa mukubatana ne organic chinhu., ichigadzira murazvo wepepuru uye inogona kukonzera kupisa kwakanyanya.
Peroxosulfuric asidhi (H₂SW₅). Iyi isina ruvara yakasimba, inonyungudika pa45 ° C, ine yakakura maindasitiri ekushandisa seyakauraya utachiona uye inosuka, uye muchizvarwa cheasidhi munyu pamberi pezvinhu zvakaita se potassium (K). Mukuvapo kwemamorekuru emakemikari, akadai seether uye ketoni, inogadzira mamorekuru asina kugadzikana kuburikidza ne peroxygenation, senge acetone peroxide.
Acetone peroxide (C₉H₁₈KANA₆). Inozivikanwa se peroxyketone, iyi organic komboni inoputika zvakanyanya, sezvo ichiita nyore nyore kupisa, kukweshera kana kukanganisa. Ndosaka magandanga mazhinji akaishandisa sedonetoni mukurwisa kwavo uye kwete vashoma vemakemikari vakakuvara pavanenge vachiibata. Iyo mamorekuru asina kugadzikana, ayo kana akaora kuita zvimwe zvinhu zvakagadzikana anoburitsa huwandu hwesimba (kuputika kwe entropic).
Halogen. Zvimwe zvinhu zveboka VII petafura ye periodic, inozivikanwa se halogen, inowanzo gadzira maononegative ions nekuda kwekuda kwavo maerekitironi kuti vapedze yavo yekupedzisira simba reyero, nokudaro kuumba munyu unozivikanwa se halides ayo anonyanya kuisa oxidizing.
Kubvisa reagent. Yakatumidzwa neyemakemikari weGerman Bernhard Tollens, iyo yakaoma mvura yedhiamine (mapoka maviri emaine: NH₃) uye sirivheri, yekuyedza kushandiswa mukutsvaga aldehydes, sezvo yavo yakasimba oxidizing kugona inoshandura ivo kuita carboxylic acids. Tollens reagent, zvisinei, kana ikachengetwa kwenguva yakareba, inongoerekana yaumba sirivheri kuzadza (AgCNO), yakanyanyisa kuputika sirivheri munyu..
Osmium Tetroxide(Bheya₄). Kunyangwe hushoma hweosmium, iyi komponi ine akawanda anonakidza mafomu, mashandisiro, uye zvivakwa. Mune yakasimba, semuenzaniso, inonyanyisa kusanduka: inoshanduka kuita gasi tembiricha yemukati. Kunyangwe iri chinhu chine simba chakasanganiswa, chiine mashandisiro akawanda murabhoritari sechinhu chinokonzeresa, hazviite nemahydrohydrate mazhinji, asi ine muchetura wakanyanya muzvishoma pane iyo inoonekwa nekunhuwirira kwevanhu.
Perchloric acid munyu (HClO₄). Perchlorate munyu ine chlorine munzvimbo ine oxidation yakakura, ichivaita akakosha ekubatanidza zvinoputika, zvishandiso zvepirotechnic uye mafuta eroketi, sezvo ari akakisa oxidizer ane kupera kudiki kwazvo.
Nitrate (HERE₃^–). Zvakafanana nemapermanganate, iwo munyu umo nitrogen iri mune yakakosha oxidhi yenyika. Aya marudzi emakomponi anoonekwa zvakasikwa mukuora kwemarara ehupenyu senge urea kana mamwe mapuroteni ane nitrogen, achiumba ammonia kana ammonia, uye anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mufetiraiza. Ichowo chikamu chakakosha chehupfu hutema, uchishandisa simba rayo reiye oxidation kushandura kabhoni nesarufa uye kusunungura caloric simba..
Sulfoxides. Inowanikwa zvakanyanya ne organic oxidation yesulpidides, iyi mhando yemubatanidzwa inoshandiswa mumishonga yakawanda yemishonga uye pamberi peyakanyanya okisijeni vanogona kuenderera neyakavharisa maitiro avo kusvikira vava sulfones, anobatsira semishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.
Chromium trioxide (CrO₃). Ichi chidimbu chakasimba chetsvuku tsvuku tsvuku, yakanyungudika mumvura uye inodikanwa mumaitiro ekugadzirisa uye kuchromating simbi. Iko chete kusangana ne ethanol kana zvimwe zvinhu zvehunhu kunokonzeresa kuvesa kwechinhu ichi., iyo inokanganisa zvakanyanya, ine chepfu uye ine carcinogenic, pamwe nekuve yakakosha chikamu chehexavalent chromium, chinhu chinokuvadza zvakanyanya nharaunda.
Makemikari ane cerium VI. Cerium (Ce) chinhu chemakemikari ehurongwa hwe lanthanides, yakapfava grey simbi, ductile, iri nyore oxidized. Iwo akasiyana cerium oxides anowanikwa anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri, kunyanya mukugadzira machisi uye sedombo rakareruka ("tinder") achishandisa chiwanikwa chine iron., nekuti iko chete kukakavadzana nemamwe maficha kwakaringana kuburitsa matemba uye kushandisika kupisa.