fungi umambo

Zvemukati

• Hunhu hweFungi Kingdom
• Mienzaniso yeFungi Kingdom
• Fungi inodyisa sei?
• Kupatsanura muhushe humambo

Zvinhu zvipenyu zvakaiswa mukati maumambo mashanu kufambisa kudzidza nekunzwisisa kwehukama huripo pakati pavo pamwe nehumwe hunhu hweumwe neumwe.

Kurongwa uku kunoitwa kubva kumapoka akawandisa kusvika kune mamwe mapoka, kutanga nehumambo, kozoti iyo phyla kana kupatsanurwa, kirasi, kurongeka, mhuri, rudzi uye mhando.

Mune mamwe mazwi, humambo hwese hunosanganisira akasiyana siyana ezvisikwa ane zvimwe zvakafanana.

Hushe ndehwe:

• Animalia (mhuka yeumambo): Eukaryotic zvipenyu, nhare, isina chloroplast kana rusero rusvingo. Vari heterotrophs (vanodya kune vamwe zvipenyu).
• Plantae (chirimwa umambo): Eukaryotic zvipenyu, pasina kugona kufamba, ine cellulose-ine maseru maseru, photosynthetic.
• Fungi (Fungi): Eukaryotic zvipenyu, zvisina kugona kufamba, nemaseru masvingo ane chitin.
• Protista: Zvimwe zvipuka zveeukaryotic (zvine masero iyo inosanganisira yakasarudzika nucleus) iyo isina kuverengerwa pakati pezvirimwa, mhuka, uye fungi.
• Monera: Prokaryotic zvipenyu. Mu prokaryotic masero Ivo havana musiyano wakasarudzika, ndiko kuti, iyo yemagetsi majini haina kupatsanurwa kubva kune imwe yese sero nechero membrane, asi inowanikwa yakasununguka mu cytoplasm.

• Inogona kukushandira: Mienzaniso kubva kuHumambo wega wega

Hunhu hweFungi Kingdom

• Eukaryotic zvipenyu: Izvo zvinoumbwa nemaseru eukaryotic, ndiko kuti, iwo ane nucleus iyo iyo yemagetsi zvinhu zviri muchimiro chemakromosomes.
• Sero madziro: Kunge zvirimwa, ivo vane rusero rusvingo kunze kweiyo plasma membrane. Kusiyana nezvirimwa, rusvingo urwu rwunoumbwa nechitin uye maglucans.
• Humidity: Dzinowanda munzvimbo dzine mwando uye dzemumvura.
• Heterotrophs: Kusiyana nemiti, ivo vanofanirwa kufudza iyo organic zvinhu inogadzirwa nezvimwe zvipenyu, sezvo zvisingakwanise photosynthesize. Hunhu hunovasiyanisa nemamwe maheterotrophs ndechekuti vanoita kugaya kwekunze kwechikafu chavo: vanoviga maenzymes anogaya chikafu uyezve ndokutora mamorekuru anokonzerwa nekugaya ikoko.
• Kubereka nema spores: Spores miviri miviri unicellular kana multicellular. Ivo vakapararira mune yakasviba mamiriro kudzamara mamiriro akanaka awanikwa ekumera kwavo. Uku kubereka kunogona kuita bonde kana asexual, zvichienderana nerudzi.

Panguva yedu hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, Tinogona kuwana howa muchimiro chechikafu (mune akasiyana zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, doro, kana voga), kana sechikamu chemushonga wemishonga. Kune mamwe zvakare ari kusvibisa fungi, senge iwo anoora huni, uye utachiona hwehutachiona hunokonzera chirwere mumuviri wemunhu. Uye zvakare, mune dzakasiyana tsika howa hunoshandiswa kune yavo hallucinogenic zvivakwa.

Mienzaniso yeFungi Kingdom

1. Fly swatter (Amanita muscaria): Chikamu: basidiomycetes. Order: Agaricales. Howa hunokanganisa zvipembenene kwenguva pfupi hunosangana naro. Inoyera pakati pe10 kusvika makumi maviri masendimita. Iyo yakatsvuka ine machena machena. Inowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, asi zvakanyanya matanda, sezvo inokura ichibatana nemidzi yemiti yakasiyana siyana. Iyo hallucinogenic howa.
2. Amethyst Lacaria (laccaria amethystea): Chikamu: basidiomycetes. Kirasi: Homobasidiomycetes. Mutemo: Tricholomatales. Howa huya ine ngowani inosvika pamasendimita mashanu pakukora. Iyo ine inokatyamadza violet ruvara. Inotaridzika munzvimbo dzinosviba uye dzinonyorova dzemasango.
3. Nyeredzi howa (aseroë rubra). Kupatsanura: basidiomycetes. Kirasi: agaricomycetes. Order: Phallales. Howa hunozivikanwa nekunhuhwirira kwaro kusingafadzi, uko kunokwezva nhunzi, uye nehunhu hwayo hwakaita senyeredzi. Dzinde rayo jena uye maoko akatsvuka. Inogona kusvika gumi masentimita. Neruoko rwayo (pakati pe6 ne9) runokwana 33 millimeter.
4. Dhiyabhorosi fodya (chorioactis geaster). Kuparadzanisa: ascomycetes. Kirasi: pezizomycetes. Order. Pezizales. Nyeredzi-yakaita howa, tan muvara. Chaicho chakasarudzika ndechekuti inoburitsa ruzha kana ichivhura kuti isunungure spores yayo. Dzinokura pane yakafa misidhari kana oak midzi. Inowanikwa muUnited States neJapan chete.
5. Mbiriso yedoro (Saccharomyces cervisiae). Kuparadzanisa: ascomycetes. Kirasi: Hemiascomycetes. Order: Saccharomycetales. Chakuvhe unicellular. Rudzi rwembiriso inoshandiswa mukugadzira chingwa, doro, uye waini. Inobereka mune asexual nekutunga. Pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu inokwanisa kuberekana pabonde.
6. Penicillium Roqueforti. Kupatsanuka: ascomycotic. Kirasi: eurotiomycetes. Mutemo: Eurtiales. Iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzedizi, kusanganisira chezi bhuruu (Roqueforte, Cabrales, Valdeón, nezvimwewo)
7. Pine howa (suillus luteus). Kupatsanura: basidiomycetes. Kirasi: homobasidiomycetes. Mutemo: boletales. Inogona kuyera masendimita gumi. Yakasviba brown muvara uye viscous pamusoro. Inowanikwa mumasango emapine. Iyo howa hunodyiwa.
8. Dermatophyte fungus (Epidermophyton floccosum). Kupatsanuka: ascomycotic. Kirasi: eurotiomycetes. Mutemo: onygenales. Fungus inokonzeresa hutachiona hweganda senge mhombwe, tsoka yemutambi, uye onychomycosis. Inopararira nekubatana. Inokura mumakoloni.
9. Crepidotus. Chikamu: Basidiomycetes. Order: Agaricales. Fan-zvakaumbwa saprophytic fungi. Of mavara pakati chena uye shava. Inokura munzvimbo dzakadzikama.
10. Penicillium chrysogenum. Kupatsanuka: ascomycotic. Kirasi: Eurothiomycetes. Raira: eurotiales. Iyo fungus inogadzira penicillin (mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya iyo yaibvumidza kurapa zvirwere zvaionekwa sezvisingarapike).

Fungi inodyisa sei?

• Saprophytes: Vanodya zvisaririra zvezvinhu zvinoora.
• Zvipembenene: Vanodya izvo zvakasikwa zvinhu zvipenyu zvavanogara nazvo.
• Symbionts: Ivo vanoshamwaridzana nezvirimwa zvinowana rubatsiro kune ese ari maviri.

Kupatsanura muhushe humambo

Iyo Fungi humambo yakakamurwa seinotevera:

• Basidiomycetes (Basidiomycota kupatsanura): Howa hunogadzira basidia (spore-inogadzira chimiro) ine basidiospores (reproductive spores).
• Ascomycetes (Ascomycota kupatsanurwa): Howa uye mafomu anogadzira asci (spore-inogadzira bonde sero) ine ascospores (imwe ascus inogadzira 8 ascospores).
• Glomeromycetes (Chikamu cheGlomeromycota): Mycorrhizae, ndiko kuti, fungus ine symbiotic hukama nemidzi yemuti.
• Zygomycetes (Zygomycota kupatsanurwa): Maumbwe ayo anoumba zygospores (bonde chikamu chefungus)
• Chitridiomycetes (Chytridiomycota chikamu): Microscopic fungi ine zoospores uye uniflagellate gametes.