Zvemukati
Iyo nzira yesainzi inzira yekutsvaga inoratidzira Natural Sayenzi kubva muzana ramakore regumi nemanomwe. Maitiro akaomarara anotendera kutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu, kuumba uye kuyedza fungidziro.
Kutaura kuti iye musayendisiti zvinoreva kuti chinangwa chake ndechekugadzira ruzivo.
Inozivikanwa ne:
- Kuongorora kwakarongeka: Iko kufunga kwekufunga uye nekudaro kusarudza. Icho chinyorwa chezvinoitika muicho chaichoicho nyika.
- Mubvunzo kana kuumbwa kwedambudziko: Kubva pakuona, dambudziko kana mubvunzo unomuka uyo unoda kugadziriswa. Nekudaro, fungidziro inogadzirwa, inova mhinduro inogoneka kumubvunzo wakabvunzwa. Kubvisa kufunga kunoshandiswa kugadzira fungidziro.
- Kuedza: Inosanganisira kudzidza kwechiitiko kuburikidza nekuberekesa kwayo, kazhinji pasi pemamiriro erabhoritari, kakawanda uye pasi peanodzorwa mamiriro. Iko kuyedzwa kwakagadzirwa nenzira yekuti inogona kusimbisa kana kuramba iyo pfungwa inofungidzirwa.
- Kuburitswa kwemhedziso: Masayendisiti munharaunda anotarisira kuongorora mhedzisiro inowanikwa kuburikidza nevezera rekutarisa, ndokuti, mamwe masayendisiti ehumwe hunyanzvi anoongorora maitiro nezvakabuda.
Maitiro esainzi anogona kutungamira ku dzidziso yekuvandudza. Dzidziso idzi zvirevo zvakasimbiswa, zvishoma zvishoma. Kana dzidziso ikasimbiswa seyechokwadi nguva dzose nenzvimbo, unova mutemo. Iyo zvakasikwa mitemo zvinogara nekusingaperi.
Kune mbiru mbiri dzakakosha dzesainzi nzira:
- Kuberekwazve: Iko kugona kudzokorora kuyedza. Naizvozvo, Sayenzi Mabhuku Ivo vanosanganisira rese data pane zviedzo zvakaitwa. Kana vakasapa data rekubvumira kuyedza kumwe chete kuti kudzokorerwe, hazvifungidzirwe kuyedza kwesainzi.
- Kugadziriswa: Chero fungidziro kana chirevo chesainzi chinogona kuramba. Ndokunge, iwe unofanirwa kuve nekukwanisa kufungidzira chirevo chine simba chinoyedzwa chinopesana nechakataurwa pakutanga. Semuenzaniso, kana ndikati, "katsi dzose dze violet hadzi", Hazvigoneke kunyepa, nekuti katsi dzepepuru hadzionekwe. Uyu muenzaniso ungaratidzika kunge hauna musoro asi zvirevo zvakafanana zvinovigwa pachena pamusoro pezvinhu zvisingaonekwe, senge vatorwa.
Mienzaniso yenzira yesainzi
- Anthrax inopararira
Robert Koch aive chiremba wechiGerman aigara muhafu yepiri yezana ramakore rechi19 nekutanga kwema20.
Kana tichitaura nezvesainzi, zvaanoona hazvisi chete zvepanyika zvakamupoteredza asiwo nezvezvakawanikwa nemamwe masayendisiti. Nekudaro, Koch anotanga kutanga kubva pakuratidzira kwaCasimir Davaine kuti anthrax bacillus yakatapurirana yakanangana pakati pemombe.
Chimwe chinhu chaakaona kwaive kusanzwisisika kwekuputika kwechigwadara munzvimbo dzaive pasina munhu ane chigwadara.
Mubvunzo kana dambudziko: Nei paine anthrax inopararira kana pasina munhu wekutanga kutapurirana?
Hypothesis: Iyo bacillus kana chikamu chayo chinopona kunze kweanogamuchira (hutachiona kurarama huri).
Ongororo: Masayendisiti anowanzo fanirwa kugadzira nzira dzawo dzekuyedza, kunyanya pavanosvika padanho reruzivo rwusati rwaongororwa. Koch akagadzira nzira dzake dzekuchenesa bacillus kubva kumasampuli eropa uye kuikurisa.
Zviwanikwa mhedzisiro: Bacilli haigone kurarama kunze kwekugamuchira (fungidziro isina kubvumidzwa). Nekudaro, iyo bacilli inogadzira endospores iyo inopona kunze kweanogamuchira uye inokwanisa kukonzera chirwere.
Kutsvaga kwaKoch kwakave nemhedzisiro yakawanda munharaunda yesainzi. Kune rimwe divi, kuwanikwa kwekupona kwezvirwere (izvo zvinokonzeresa chirwere) kunze kwezvipuka kwakatangisa nzira yekuvharisa mbichana yezvokuvhiya nezvimwe zvinhu zvechipatara.
Asi mukuwedzera nzira dzake dzakashandiswa mukuferefetwa kwechigwadara dzakazogadziridzwa pakudzidza tibhii nekorera. Kune izvi, akatanga kugadzira uye kwekuchenesa matekinoroji, uye hutachiona hwekukura midhiya senge maagar mahwendefa uye Petri ndiro. Idzi nzira dzese dzichiri kushandiswa nanhasi.
Mhedziso. Kubudikidza nebasa rake rakanangana nemaitiro esainzi, akasvika pamhedziso inotevera, iyo ichiri kushanda nanhasi uye inodzora kwese kutsvagisa kwehutachiona:
- Mukurwara, hutachiona huripo.
- Iyo microbe inogona kutorwa kubva kune inomiririra uye kukura yakazvimiririra (tsika).
- Chirwere ichi chinogona kuburitswa nekuunza yakachena tsika yehutachiona muhutano hwakanaka hwekuyedza.
- Iyo imwechete microbe inogona kuzivikanwa mune ine hutachiona inomiririra.
- Mushonga wechibhokisi
Edward Jenner aive musayendisiti aigara muEngland pakati pezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi19.
Panguva iyoyo chibhokisi chaive chirwere chine njodzi kuvanhu, ichiuraya makumi matatu muzana yeavo vakatapukirwa uye ichisiya mavanga kune vakapona, kana kuvakonzera upofu.
Nekudaro, chibhokisi mu wakunda yaive yakapfava uye yaigona kutambanudzwa kubva kumombe kuenda kuvanhu nemaronda ari pamazamu emombe. Jenner akawana kuti vashandi vazhinji vemukaka vaiti dai vakabata chibhokisi kubva kumombe (icho chaipora nekukasira) vaisazorwara nechibhokisi chevanhu.
Kucherekedza: Kutenda kwekuzvidzivirira kunowanikwa kubva pakupararira kwechibhokisi chemombe. Kubva pane zvakacherechedzwa izvi, Jenner akaenda padanho rinotevera munzira yesainzi, akabata fungidziro yekuti kutenda uku ndekwechokwadi nekuvandudza zviedzo zvinodiwa kuratidza kana kupokana nazvo.
Hypothesis: Kupararira kwechipfuwo kunopa hutachiona hwechibhokisi chevanhu.
Kuedza: Kuedza kwaJenner kwaisazogamuchirwa nhasi, sezvo kwakaitwa pavanhu. Kunyangwe panguva iyoyo pakanga pasina imwe nzira yekuyedza fungidziro, kuyedza nemwana nhasi kwaizove kusingagamuchirwe zvachose. Jenner akatora zvinhu kubva pachiropa chemombe kubva paruoko rwemukaka ane hutachiwana ndokuzvishandisa paruoko rwemukomana, mwanakomana wemubindu wake. Mukomana akarwara kwemazuva akati wandei asi akazopora zvizere. Jenner akazotora zvinhu kubva pachirugu chevanhu chibhokisi ndokuchizora paruoko rwemwana mumwe chete iyeye. Zvisinei, mukomana haana kubatira chirwere. Mushure meiyi bvunzo yekutanga, Jenner akadzokorora kuyedza nevamwe vanhu uye ndokuburitsa zvaakawana.
Mhedziso: yakasimbiswa hypothesis. Naizvozvo (nzira yekubvisa) kutapurira munhu nepoxpoxin inodzivirira hutachiona hwevanhu hwechibhokisi. Gare gare, vesaenzi vakakwanisa kudzokorora zvakaedzwa naJenner uye vakawana mhedzisiro yakafanana.
Nenzira iyi "majekiseni" ekutanga akagadzirwa: kuisa utachiona husina kusimba kuti uteme munhu kurwisa hutachiona hwakasimba uye hunokuvadza zvakanyanya. Parizvino musimboti iwoyo unoshandiswa kuzvirwere zvakasiyana siyana. Izwi rekuti "vaccine" rinobva pachimiro chekutanga ichi chekudzivirira hutachiwana hwehomba.
- Unogona kushandisa nzira yesainzi
Maitiro esainzi inzira yekuyedza fungidziro. Kuti ishandiswe, zvinodikanwa kuti ukwanise kuita kuyedza.
Semuenzaniso, ngatiti iwe unogara wakarara zvakanyanya panguva yako yemasvomhu kirasi.
Maonero ako ndeekuti: Ini ndinorota mune yemasvomhu kirasi.
Imwe ingangoita fungidziro ndeiyi: Iwe wakarara mune masvomhu kirasi nekuti hauna kuwana zvakakwana kurara husiku hwapfuura.
Kuti uite kuyedza kunoratidza kana kupokana fungidziro, zvakakosha kuti usachinje chero chinhu mumaitiro ako, kunze kwemaawa ekurara: unofanirwa kuve nechikafu chamangwanani chakafanana, gara munzvimbo imwechete mukirasi, taura vanhu vamwe chete.
Kuedza: Husiku hwakatangira kirasi yemasvomhu uchaenda kunorara awa zvisati zvaitika.
Kana iwe ukamira kunzwa kurara panguva yemasvomhu kirasi mushure mekuita kuyedza kakawanda (usakanganwa kukosha kwekuyedza kanoverengeka) iyo fungidziro inosimbiswa.
Kana iwe uchiramba wakarara, iwe unofanirwa kukura mafungiro matsva.
Semuyenzaniso:
- Kufungidzira 1. Hora imwe chete yekurara yakanga isina kukwana. Dzokorora kuyedza kuwedzera maawa maviri ekurara.
- Hypothesis 2. Chimwe chinhu chinopindira mukunzwa kwekurara (tembiricha, chikafu chinodyiwa masikati). Ongororo nyowani ichagadzirirwa kuongorora kuitika kwezvimwe zvinhu.
- Hypothesis 3. Isvomhu inoita kuti uve nehope nekudaro hapana nzira yekuzvidzivirira.
Sezvinoonekwa mune uyu muenzaniso wakapusa, nzira yesainzi iri kuda kana uchigadzira mhedziso, kunyanya kana yedu yekutanga fungidziro isina kuratidzwa.
