Zvemukati
Acid inoonekwa seye chero chinhu chinogumburwa icho, kana chakapatsanurwa mune aqueous solution, inoburitsa hydrogen ions (H+) uye inobata nemamorekuru emvura kugadzira hydronium ions (H3KANA+). Acids inoumbwa nekubatanidzwa kweiyo oxide nemvura, uye semhedzisiro mhinduro inoguma inowana asidi pH, ndiko kuti, yakaderera pane manomwe.
Mabhesi, kune rumwe rutivi, anoumbwa nemakomputa ayo mune aqueous mhinduro kuburitsa hydroxyl ions (OH '') uye kukonzera pH yemhinduro kudarika pH 7.
Nhoroondo
Iyi nzira yekutsanangudza acids uye mabheseni ndiyo yechinyakare uye chikamu cheiyo Arrhenius dzidziso, iyo inotangira kubva kunopera kwegumi nemapfumbamwe century. Makore akati gare gare, Brönsted naLowry vakatsanangura acids sezvinhu izvo zvinogona kusiya proton (H+) uye mabhesi akadai seaya anogona kugamuchira proton (H+) yakapihwa neacid. Wakatopinda muzana ramakumi maviri, Lewis yakatemwa kuti asidi chinhu chinokwanisa kugovana kana kutambira maerekitironi, nepo chigadziko chichigona kugovana kana kupa maerekitironi.
Hunhu
Acids kazhinji anovava uye anoparadza; iwo mabheseni zvakare anokanganisa, aine caustic kuravira uye nesipo kubata. Muitiro weasidhi kupatsanura uye kudzikisa iyo pH inowanzo kunzi "simba reasidhi." Ndiyo mienzaniso ye yakasimba acids perchloric, sulfuric, hydroiodic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric uye nitric.
Saizvozvo, ivo vanogona kutarisirwa se mabhesi akasimba potasium, sodium, lithium uye magnesium hydroxide. Acetic, citric, uye benzoic acids, kune rumwe rutivi, iasina simba acids; ammonia hwaro husina kusimba.
Munyu unogadzirwa sei?
Iyo unobuda ari maoni eonic eakasiyana-siyana kuomarara, akawandisa mune zvakasikwa uye zvinoumbwa nekubatanidzwa kweacids ane mabheseni, zvichikonzera kuburitswa kwemvura. Iyo munyu inogona kusarerekera, acidic kana yakakosha. Mune yekutanga, maatomu ehydrogen mune acid akatsiviwa ne simbi cation. Acid munyu, kune rimwe divi, chengetedza imwe kana akawanda maatomu ehydrogen.
Uyezve, munyu unogona kuva zvakapetwa kana katatu kana aine anopfuura imwechete cation kana anopfuura anion. Semuenzaniso, calcium potassium fluoride ine munyu wakapetwa kaviri (CaKF3), nekuti iine katsi mbiri dzakasiyana. Chekupedzisira, zvakakodzera kuti utaure zvekutanga munyu, mune imwechete anion ndiyo hydroxide anion, senge, semuenzaniso, mumhangura chloride trihydroxide (Cu2Cl (OH)3).
Kune rimwe divi, ivo vanozivikanwa se ternary munyu kana tertiary kune ayo akawanikwa nekubatanidza simbi ine radical, yakadai sulphate, carbonate kana dichromate, uye se quaternary ammonium munyu kune ayo mairi maatomu ehydrogen eammonium akatsiviwa neradicals, sepanyaya ye tetramethylammonium chloride .
Kugovera uye kukosha
Iyo acids Ivo vakakosha zvakanyanya zvese mumaindasitiri uye mune zvakasikwa. Semuenzaniso, hydrochloric acid chikamu chedu dumbu rekugaya uye zvinodikanwa kuti isu tivhunze makomputa ezvekudya aripo mukudya. Deoxyribonucleic acid, inonyatso kuzivikanwa se DNA, inoumba ma chromosomes, inova iyo iyo ruzivo rwemagene rwunodiwa kuti zvinhu zvipenyu zviwande nekukudziridza zvakavharwa. Boric acid chinhu chakakurumbira muindasitiri yegirazi.
Iyo calcium carbonate Ndiwo munyu wakawanda kwazvo mumhando dzakasiyana dzemabwe ematombo. Nekuita kwekushisa kwakanyanya (900 ° C), calcium carbonate inowanikwa calcium oxide kana kukurumidza. Kuwedzera mvura ku quicklime inogadzira calcium hydroxide, inonzi slaked lime, inova base. Zvinhu izvi zvinoshandiswa mukuvaka.
