20 Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvinokanganisa - Encyclopedia

Vhidhiyo: RADIASI BENDA HITAM (Hukum Stefan-Boltzmann, Pergeseran Wien, Teori Kuantum Planck) Fisika Kelas 12

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Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvinoparadza
Unogona kukushandira

Iyo zvinokanganisa zvinhu Ndeavo vanokwanisa kuparadza kana kukuvadza zvisingaite nzvimbo idzi dzavanosangana nadzo.

Zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvine njodzi kune zvisikwa zvipenyu, inogona kukonzera kutsamwa kana kutsva kumatukisi eganda, maziso, nzira yekufema kana gastrointestinal turakiti inogona kutungamira kurufu. Aya marudzi ezviitiko anozivikanwa sekutsva kwemakemikari.

Iyi mhando yezvinhu inofanirwa kushandiswa nemidziyo yakakodzera yekudzivirira: magurovhosi, zvipfeko, kumeso kumeso. Munzvimbo dzainoiswa kana kuchengetwa, zvinoenderana nemitemo yenyika, taura ne standard ngura icon.

Kazhinji, zvinokanganisa zvinhu vane pH yakanyanyisa, ndiko kuti, zvakanyanya acidic kana yakakosha, kunyangwe ivo vachigona zvakare kuve iine chakanyanya oxidizing zvinhu kana yeimwe mhando. Mukubatana ne organic organic acids catalyze lipid hydrolysis kana denaturation ye protein, zvakare zvichikonzera kugadzirwa kwecalori ine maitiro akabatana anotungamira mukuparadzwa kusingagadzirisike kwenyama. Mabhesi, kune rumwe rutivi, anoomesa zvinhu zvakasikwa nenzira yakanyanyisa.

Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvinoparadza

Hydrochloric asidhi. Iine fomu HCl, uye inozivikanwawo se muriatic acid kana etchingIzvo zvakajairika kuiburitsa kubva mugungwa munyu, kana ku-kuitisa-iyo panguva yekupisa kwevamwe mapurasitiki. Iyo inokanganisa zvakanyanya uye ine pH yakaderera pane 1, ndosaka ichishandiswa senge solvent, seyakagadziriswa maindasitiri kana sechinhu chinogadzira mukugadzirwa kwemamwe makemikari zvinhu.
Nitric asidhi. Ye fomula HNO₃, isvicous fluid inowanzo shandiswa se reagent murabhoritari, sezvo chiri chikamu chezvinhu zvinoumba Trinitrotoluene (TNT) kana mafetiraiza akasiyana akadai seammonium nitrate. Inogona zvakare kuwanikwa ichinyungudutswa muasidhi mvura, inozivikanwa kuitika kwezvakatipoteredza mhedzisiro yekusvibiswa kwemvura.
Sulfuriki asidhi. Mushonga wayo ndiH₂SW₄ uye ndechimwe chezvigadzirwa zvine hunyanzvi pasi rose, sezvo ichiwanzoshandiswa kuwana mafetiraiza, kana kugadzira maasidhi, sulphate kana kunyangwe muindasitiri yepeturu. Izvo zvinobatsirawo mu indasitiri yesimbi uye mukugadzirwa kwemarudzi ese e mabhatiri.
Fomu acid. Inozivikanwa se methanoic acid uye fomura CH₂KANA₂, ndiyo yakapusa pane organic manyuchi, anowanzovanzwa nezvipembenene senge tsvuku tsvuku (Formica rufa) kana nyuchi sechinhu chinotyisa chekudzivirira. Iyo zvakare inogadzirwa nerukato, kana mune acid mvura nekuda kwekusviba kwemhepo. Mune zvidiki zvishoma zvinogona kukonzera kutsamwa kudiki, asi kunyangwe iri yechisikigo mavambo iine asidi yakasimba.
Yakagadziriswa acetic acid. Inonzi methylcarboxyl acid kana ethanoic acid uye kemikari fomura C₂H₄KANA₂, iasidhi yevhiniga, iyo inoipa hunhu hwayo hwemavira uye hwema. Ichowo organic acid, senge formic acid, asi haina kusimba zvakanyanya saka mashandisiro ayo akasiyana uye haana njodzi. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, munzvimbo dzakanyanya kwazvo zvinogona kuve nenjodzi kuhutano.
Zinc chloride. Zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) iri yakasimba zvimwe kana zvishoma chena uye crystalline, yakanyunguduka kwazvo mumvura, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemachira uye sechinhu chinobatsira murabhoritari. Haisi kunyanya kutyisa, asi kana paine mvura inobata zvine mutsindo (kunyangwe iri mumhepo) uye inogona kunyanya kukuvadza, kunyanya kune cellulose nesiriki.
Aluminium chloride. Yemafomura AlCl₃, Zviri nezve mukomboni iyo ine acidic uye yakakosha zvimiro panguva imwe chete, zvinoenderana nekuti inosvinudzwa sei. Iye murombo conductor yemagetsi uye ine poindi yakanyunguduka yakadzika uye poindi yekufashaira, ndosaka ichishandiswa mumakemikari maitiro senzira yekukonzeresa kugadzirisa, mukuchengetedza huni kana mukuputsika kwemafuta. Kujekesa kune ino michina kunokuvadza zvakanyanya kumuviri, uye kunogona kusiya zvachose sequelae munguva pfupi yekuratidzwa uye nekukurumidza kurapwa.
Boron trifluoride. Maitiro ayo ndeye BF₃ uye iri gasi rine chepfu risina ruvara rinoita makore machena mumhepo ine hunyoro. Inowanzo shandiswa murabhoritari se lewis acid uye mukuwana mamwe macomputer ne boron. Iyo yakasimba kwazvo simbi inoparadza, inogona kudya simbi isina chinhu pamberi pehunyoro.
Sodium hydroxide. Caustic soda kana caustic soda, ine fomula NaOH, ndiyo yakasarudzika desiccant chigadziko chiripo semuchena kristalline uye husina kunhuwa, zvine kupera mumvura kana acid inogadzira huwandu hwakawanda hwekupisa. Iyo inoshandiswa mune yakawanda kana zvishoma yakachena muzana muzana mupepa, machira uye indasitiri indasitiri, pamwe neindasitiri yemafuta.
Potassium hydroxide. Inozivikanwa seyakashatisa potashi uye neiyo kemikari fomura KOH, iri yakanyanya desiccant inorganic komputa, ine yakasarudzika corrosivity inoshandiswa mukushandisa seiriisi saponifier (mukugadzirwa kwesipo). Kuparara kwayo mumvura kunonetsa, ndiko kuti, inogadzira kupisa simba.
Sodium hydride. Iine fomula NaH, chinhu chisina kusimba kwazvo chinonyungudika chine ruvara rwakajeka, chakarongwa se hwaro yakasimba sezvo ichikwanisa deprotonizing akasiyana marabhoritari acids. Pamusoro peizvozvo, ine simba desiccant, nekuti inochengeta huwandu hwakawanda hwehydrogen, ichiiita irambe ichikosha uye ichishandiswa senge solvent.
Dimethyl sulphate. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akajairika, ichi chikamu chemakemikari fomula C₂H₆KANA₄S haina kuchena, ine mafuta emvura, ine hwema hweeiii, yakanyorwa senge yakasimba alkylator. Iyo ine huturu hwakanyanya: carcinogenic, mutagenic, inoparadza uye ine chepfu, saka mashandisiro ayo murabhoritari methylation maitiro anowanzo tsiviwa nemamwe akachengeteka ma reagents. Iyo zvakare ine njodzi kune zvakatipoteredza uye inochinja, ndosaka yakagara ichionekwa sechombo chemakemikari chingangodaro.
Phenol (carbolic asidhi). Kemikari fomula C₆H₆Kana uye mamwe mazita akasarudzika, ichi chinoumba muchimiro charo chakachena kana chisina kuchena sekristaro yakasimba, iyo inogona kugadzirwa kubva ku oxidation yeBenzene. Iyo iri kudiwa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yeresinisi, pamwe nekugadzira nylon, asi zvakare sechinhu chemanyowa, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye mishonga inouraya utachiona. Zviri nyore kupisa uye kupisa.
Acetyl chloride. Iyo inonziwo ethanoyl chloride, iyo halide inotorwa kubva ethanoic acid, iyo iri mukamuri tembiricha uye kumanikidza isina ruvara. Icho chinhu chisina kubatana mune zvisikwa, nekuti pamberi pemvura inoora kuita ethanoic acid uye hydrochloric acid. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya seye colorant, disinfectant, insecticide uye kunyangwe seanesthetic, kunyangwe ichikuvadza nekuita.
Sodium hypochlorite. Inozivikanwa se bleach Kana ichinge yanyungudutswa mumvura, ichi chinoumba pamwe nemakemikari fomula NaClO yakasimba oxidant uye inoshanda zvakanyanya nechlorine, nokudaro ichiumba mweya unouraya. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya se bleach, yekuchenesa mvura uye disinfectant, nekuti mune kumwe kusanganisa ine mukana wekunyungudutsa zvinhu zvakasangana pakubatana.
Benzyl Chloroformate. Mvura ine mafuta ine hwema husingafadzi iyo inogona kubva pane isina ruvara kusvika yero uye ine kemikari fomura C₈H₇ClO₂. Inotyisa kune zvakatipoteredza uye mhuka dzemumvura, inova phosphogen painopisa uye inova inopisa zvikuru. Iyo inokonzera carcinogenic uye inoparadza zvakanyanya.
Elemental alkali simbi. Chero simbi yealkali mune yayo yakachena kana yekutanga element, senge lithiamu (Li), potasium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) kana Francium (Fr), inobata nekukurumidza zvakanyanya neoksijeni nemvura, nekudaro izvo hazvimbo inoonekwa mune zvakasikwa mune yavo yekutanga element. Muzviitiko zvese izvi vanoita zvechisimba, vachigadzira kupisa kwakawanda, ndosaka vachigona kutsamwisa kana kukonzeresa uye zvine njodzi kuhutano.
Phosphorus pentoxide. Inozivikanwa se phosphorus oxide (V) kana phosphoric oxide, iri chena hupfu hwema molecular formula P₂KANA₅. Kuva zvakanyanya hygroscopic (desiccant), ine zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya uye kusangana kwaro chero mhando nemuviri kunofanirwa kudzivirirwa. Zvakare, kupera kwayo mumvura kunogadzira yakasimba asidi iyo inoita pamberi pesimbi, ichigadzira gasi rine muchetura uye rinogona kupisa.
Calcium oxide. Fona inokurumidza uye nefomula yemakemikari CaO, chinhu chakashandiswa kwenguva refu nevanhu, icho chakawanikwa kubva padombo remabwe. Iyo ine mashandisiro mukuvaka uye kurima, sezvo isiri chepfu kana kuora, asi kana yakasanganiswa nemvura inoita zvisingaite, saka inogona kutsamwisa nzira yekufema, ganda kana kukonzera kukuvara kwemaziso kwakakomba.
Yakagadziriswa ammonia. Kazhinji ammonia, gasi risina ruvara rine hwema hunosemesa hwakaumbwa senitrogen (NH₃), Inogadzirwa munzira dzakasiyana dzehunhu dzinozvibvisa kune zvakatipoteredza nekuda kwehuturu hwayo. Muchokwadi, iripo mune weti yemunhu. Zvisinei, kuwanda kwayo kunopa mweya unoparadza uyo unokuvadza zvakanyanya nharaunda, kunyanya muzvinhu zvakaita seammonia anhydride.