Zvemukati
Iyo bhakitiriya kuzivikanwa uye kupatsanura nzira neTincture yeGram, yakagadzirwa neDanish musayendisiti Christian Gram muna 1884 uye kubva ipapo inotumidzwa zita rayo. Chii chinoita?
Iyo inosanganisira yekuwedzera yakatarwa nhevedzano ye pigments uye mordants kune ye laboratori sampuro, nekudaro kuwana pink kana violet banga, zvichienderana mhando yebhakitiriya: iyo Gram yakanaka ivo vanopindura kune pigment uye vanozoonekwa nepepuru pasi pe microscope; apo iyo Gram isina kunaka ivo vanoramba kusvibisa uye vanozoiita yakatsvuka kana pingi muvara.
Musiyano uyu mukupindura unoratidza akasiyana masikopu esero, kubvira iyo gram yakanaka Ivo vane gobvu rakapetana re peptidoglycan (murein), rinovapa kukurira kukuru asi rinovaita kuti vachengete dhayi zvirinani kwazvo. Iyo giramu isina kunaka, pachinzvimbo, ivo vane mbiri lipid membrane muhamvuropu yavo, saka vanoda yakanyanya kuonda peptidoglycan rukoko uye, nekudaro, ivo havasvibise nenzira imwecheteyo.
Iyi nzira inoratidza yakasikwa bhakitiriya typology, inobatsira pakutsanangura mhando uye kunyanya iyo mushonga unorwisa kurwisa.
Kunyangwe gram-yakanaka mabhakitiriya iri rakasiyana uye rakawanda boka, nekuvapo kwezvipuka nhare (flagellates) uye kunyange photosynthetic, gram-negative bacteria iri inokonzeresa mazhinji ezvirwere zvinouraya zvakanyanya zvehutachiona.
Mienzaniso ye gram-yakanaka mabhakitiriya
- Staphylococcus aureus. Inotarisira kuputika, dermatitis, hutachiona hwemunharaunda uye inogona gastroenteritis.
- Streptococcus pyrogenes. Chikonzero chekutapuriranwa hutachiona munzira yekufema, pamwe ne rheumatic fever.
- Streptococcus aglactiae. Kazhinji mune neonatal meningitis, endometritis uye pneumonia.
- Streptococcus faecalis. Zvakajairika mune biliary uye weti turakiti hutachiona, unogara mukati memunhu colon.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae. Inotarisira pneumonia uye hutachiona hwekufema, pamwe ne otitis, meningitis uye peritonitis.
- Streptococcus sanguis. Causative ye endocarditis, painopinda muropa kuburikidza nemaronda munzvimbo yayo, mukanwa uye mazino mucosa.
- Clostridium tetani. Hutachiona hunokonzera tetenasi hunopinda mumuviri kubva pasi kuburikidza nekushungurudzika kusvika kumagumo.
- Bacillus anthracis. Iyo inonyatso kuzivikanwa hutachiona hwechigwadara, zvese mushanduro dzayo dzakatemwa uye dzemapapu.
- Clostridium botullinum. Zvinokonzeresa zvekare uye zvevacheche botulism, inogara muvhu uye mune chisina kuchengetedzwa chikafu.
- Clostridium inopenya. Iyi bhakitiriya inoviga chepfu inoparadza rusero rusvingo, uye inokonzeresa gaseous gangrenes, necrotizing enteritis, uye endometritis.
Mienzaniso ye gram-negative bacteria
- Neisseria meningitidis. Bhakitiriya ine njodzi inokonzeresa meningitis uye meningococcemia, inokonzeresa mweya wekufema uye inokwira kumameninji kuburikidza neropa.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Inozivikanwa kuva iyo inokonzera gonorrhea, chirwere chakajairika chinotapuriranwa pabonde.
- Escherichia coli. Anogara kugara mukoloni yemunhu, inobatanidzwa mune inonzi "manyoka emufambi", pamwe nehutachiona hwehutachiona, sepsis uye hutachiona hweweti.
- Salmonella typhi. Hutachiona hunokonzeresa chirwere chinozivikanwa se typhoid fever, inowanzo kutapurika ne fecal-oral nzira: kusvibiswa kwemvura, kuraswa kwakashata kwe excreta kana kukanganisa kwehutsanana.
- Salmonella enteritidis. Iyo inowanzo kukonzera enterocoitis uye septicemia nemamota kana ichipfuura ichibva muura ichienda muropa.
- Haemophilus influenzae. Kazhinji aerobic bacillus, inokonzeresa akawanda meningitis, otitis, sinusitis, bronchopneumonia, cellulitis uye septic arthritis.
- Bordetella pertussis. Chikonzero chechirwere chinozivikanwa sekukosora, nekufa kukuru kwevana.
- Brucella abortus. Inokonzera brucellosis, hosha yemombe inopfuudzwa kumurume nekusangana nemhuka kana nekumwa zvigadzirwa zvemukaka zvisina kuiswa.
- Francisella tularensis. Inotarisira izvo zvinonzi "tsuro fivha" kana tularemia, inopfuudzwa kumurume nemavectors (mite kana mamwe marudzi eepoparasites) yetsuro, mhembwe uye mhuka dzakafanana.
- Pasteurella multocida. Anaerobic bacillus, inopfuudzwa nekurumwa kwezvipfuyo zvine hutachiona, senge katsi nembwa. Inopararira kuburikidza neganda uye inokanganisa kufema system, zvakare ichikonzera cellulite.
