Zvemukati
A mutongi anozvitonga kana anotonga nedzvinyiriri ndiye mutungamiri weboka revanhu, nyika kana nharaunda uyo Iwo masimba anopiwa kuti afunge zvizere kutora-kutora, kuodha uye kwakazara kutungamirayeiyo set, kuburikidza nemutemo wakasarudzika uye usingafungidzike, kazhinji unotsigirwa mukutonga kusingakundike kwezviitiko zvemasimba. Mune zvematongerwo enyika, vatungamiriri vane masimba vanoshevedzwa vanozvitonga kana vadzvanyiriri.
Mupfungwa iyi, Autocracy ichave iyo muenzaniso yehurumende inoisa ese masimba eruzhinji mumaoko emunhu mumwechete uye kugona kwese kuita sarudzo, kunyangwe kana zvichipesana nezvinodiwa nevanhu pachavo kana kuteerera zvido kana zvakanakira mutungamiriri. Kazhinji, idzi mhando dzehutongi dzinosimbiswa nechisimba.
Inogona kutariswa semhando yehutongi inopesana nedemokrasi, umo makurukota anosarudza vamiririri kuti vatungamire nharaunda uye pane nzira dzekudzora, kutarisira kana kukanganisa simba iri. Muhutongi, masimba haatenderi kubvunzwa kwekuda kwemutungamiri.
Iwo madzimambo eheututist, vadzvanyiriri vechero chiratidzo chezvematongerwo enyika uye vatungamiriri vanodzvinyirira vemamwe mapoka ematsotsi vanogona kuve mienzaniso yakanaka yeizvi.
Hunhu hwemutungamiri wekuzvitonga
Autocrats anowanzo kuve anowanikwa seinotevera:
- Ivo vane hushamwari uye vanomira musimba vachida izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvabatana.
- Ivo vanobata simba rese resarudzo uye vorimanikidza kune vamwe kuburikidza nechisimba (zviri pamutemo, zvemauto, zvehupfumi kana kunyange zvepanyama).
- Ivo havabvumire kubvunzwa kwesimba ravo uye nekukurumidza kurambidza marudzi ese ekupikisa kana kushoropodza.
- Ivo vanoratidzira maitiro eparanoia uye kunamatira kune simba kuburikidza nenzira dzese.
- Izvo hazvina kupihwa kuzvishora-pachako kana kuzivikanwa, asi zvinogara zvichifunga zvakakodzerana kana zvakanakira kutungamira vamwe.
- Anotyisidzira, anoranga uye anotambudza avo vari pasi pake, kuti achengetedze kurongeka.
Autocratic Hutungamiri mune Bhizinesi Nyika
Autocracy hutungamiriri mamodheru, ayo anounza chibairo cherusununguko rwemunhu mukuda kurongeka kwakanyanya kana kugona kukuru, zvinowanzo bvunzwa munyika yemubatanidzwa.
Saizvozvo, musiyano unoitwa mumutauro webhizinesi pakati pezviverengero zva "shefu" na "mutungamiri" zvinoenderana nekuswedera pedyo nevashandiwo zvavo, kugona kwake kune mazano matsva, kurapwa kwake kwakatwasuka uye kugona kwake kukurudzira panzvimbo pekutyisidzira avo vari pasi pake.
Mienzaniso yevatungamiriri vakasununguka
- Adolfo Hitler. Zvichida mutungamiri wezvematongerwo enyika parunako, ndiye mumwe wevatambi vakaipisisa munhoroondo yevanhu, mutungamiri weNazism uye muurayi weimwe yedzidziso dzinoparadza uye dzakarongeka dzakarongeka dzakapoteredza kuuraya vanhu nguva dzese. Kutonga kwaHitler pamusoro pehumambo hweGerman (iyo yaizviti III Reich) yaive ironclad kubvira iyo National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) yakatora simba muna 1934 ndokuidaidza Führer (gwara) nemasimba masimba ekutungamira nyika madiro. Izvi zvakaita kuti Germany itange Hondo Yenyika II, pakupera kwaHitler kuzviuraya.
- Fidel Castro. Imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa uye anopokana mifananidzo yezvematongerwo enyika yeLatin America kondinendi, yakakwidziridzwa neyevashanduki vakasara semucherechedzo wekurwa neAmerican imperialism. Castro akatungamira yechimurenga chakasiya gandanga kurwisa mudzvanyiriri panguva iyoyo weCuba Fulgencio Batista. Chiitiko ichi chaizivikanwa seCuban Revolution uye chakaunza Cuban Communist Party kusimba, pasi pechisungo chega chega cheFidel, kubva mukukunda kwake muna 1959 kusvika 2011., paakasiya munin'ina wake Raúl musimba. Munguva yehurumende yake, nzanga yeCuba yakashandurwa zvakanyanya uye kuurayiwa, kutambudzwa uye kumanikidzwa vatapwa kwakaitwa.
- Marcos Pérez Jiménez. Wemauto weVenzuelan uye mudzvanyiriri, akatonga Venezuela kubva muna 1952 kusvika 1958, mushure memubatanidzwa wemauto maakatora kutora matomu enyika, achidzinga mutungamiri akasarudzwa zviri pamutemo, munyori Rómulo Gallegos. Hurumende yake yehudzvanyiriri yakanga yakatemwa yazvino uye yaibatanidzwa nekuparadzwa kwemafuta bonanza, zvisinei nekutambudzwa, kutambudzwa uye kuurayiwa kwavakaisa kune vanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika.. Akazobviswa pachigaro pakati pekuratidzira kwakajairika uye kupidigura kwakamumanikidza kuenda muhutapwa muDominican Republic uyezve kuFranco yekuSpain.
- Robert Mugabe. Wezvematongerwo enyika weZimbabwe nemauto, mukuru wehurumende yenyika yake kubva muna 1987 kusvika nhasi. Kumuka kwake pachigaro mushure mekuzvitonga kweZimbabwe, kwaakatora segamba renyika, kwakagadzwa hurumende yekudzvinyirira zvine chisimba kune vanoivhiringidza, yekunyepedzera kwehutongi hwegutsaruzhinji nehupfumi hwenyika, izvo zvakakonzera nyika kupinda mumatambudziko emari. Anopomedzerwawo kuve mutungamiriri wekuuraya vanhu kwakaitika pakati pa1980 na1987, izvo zvakasiya zviuru makumi maviri zvevaNdebele kana veMatabele vapondwa.
- Francisco Franco. Spanish mauto nemudzvanyiriri, ane coup muna 1936 akagumisa Second Spanish Republic ndokutanga Hondo yeropa yeRopa (1936-1939) yaive neropa, pakupedzisira Franco pachake aizotora chinzvimbo cha "Caudillo de España" kusvika parufu rwake muna 1975. Munguva yehutongi hwake aive akazara uye anodzvinyirira Musoro weHurumende, anoona nezvekuurayiwa kwakawanda, kutambudzwa, misasa yevasungwa uye mubatanidzwa neGerman Nazism nedzimwe hurumende dzeEuropean fascist.
- Rafael Leonidas Trujillo. Akatumidzwa zita remadunhurirwa rekuti “El Jefe” kana kuti “El Benefactor”, aive musoja wechiDominican akatonga chitsuwa ichi nechibhakera chesimbi kwemakore makumi matatu nematatu, zvese zvakanangana uye kuburikidza nemapurezidhendi mapureti. Iyi nguva munhoroondo yenyika yezvematongerwo enyika inozivikanwa seEl Trujillato uye hapana mubvunzo kuti ndeimwe yehusiku hwakaipisisa uye hwakaipisisa muLatin America.. Hurumende yake yaipesana nekomunisiti, inodzvinyirira, iine rusununguko rwevanhu uye kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu nguva dzese, uye chinamato chakazivikanwa chehunhu hwemutungamiri.
- Jorge Rafael Videla. Wemauto weArgentina uye mudzvanyiriri, akasimuka musimba muna 1976 yaive chibereko chekupidigura kwemauto kwakapidigura hurumende yemutungamiri wenyika panguva iyoyo Isabel Martínez de Perón ndokuisa junta remauto musimba, saka kutanga nguva yakaipa yeNational Reorganization Process, panguva iyo zviuru zvevanhu zvakanyangarika, zvakabiwa, zvakashungurudzwa, zvakapondwa uye zvisina tsitsi.. Videla aive purezidhendi pakati pa1976 na1981, kunyangwe hudzvanyiriri husingazowira pasi kusvika 1983, mushure mehondo nemauto evanhu yaive Hondo yeMalvinas yekurwisa Great Britain.
- Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Mudzvanyiriri weNicaragua, murume wemauto uye muzvinabhizinesi akazvarwa muNicaragua muna 1925 akaurayiwa muAsunción, Paraguay, muna 1980. Akatungamira nyika yake pakati pa1967 na1972, uyezve pakati pa1974 na1979, kuchengetedza kunyangwe munguva yekupindira yakasimba kwazvo uye yakakwana kutonga kwerudzi seMutungamiriri weNational Guard. Akanga ari wekupedzisira mumhuri yevatongi vevamiriri vakazvimiririra nehasha Shanduro yeSandinista. Muridzi wemakambani anodarika makumi matatu mukati nekunze kweNicaragua, akasiya chigaro ndokuenda muhunhapwa, kwaakaurayiwa nemukuru wechiuto.
- Mao Tse Tung. Anonzi Mao Zedong, ndiye aive mukuru wepamusoro weChinese Communist Party payakatora simba pamusoro penyika yese muna 1949, mushure mekukunda Hondo Yenyika uye nekuzivisa People's Republic of China, iyo yaakatonga kusvika parufu rwake muna 1976. Hurumende yake yaive Marxist-Leninist ane shanduko dzakadzama uye dzechisimba nedzemagariro dzaipokana kwazvo munguva yake, uye izvo zvakavaka chinamato chakakomba pahunhu hwake..
- Margaret Thatcher. Iye anonzi "Iron Lady", akamupa masimba akaomarara pane zvakagadzirwa nenyika, aive mukadzi wekutanga kusarudzwa semutungamiriri wenyika yeGreat Britain muna 1979, chinzvimbo chaakabata kusvika 1990. Hurumende yake inochengetedza uye yekudyara yaive nehasha nevanozvidza, kunyangwe mukati memiganhu yedemokrasi. Munguva yehutongi hwake shanduko huru yeEngland yakaitwa uye Argentina yakakundwa muFalklands Hondo.
