Zvemukati
Kana tichitaura nezvazvo ecosystems isu tinoreva iyo yakaoma maitiro ehukama huripo pakati penharaunda dzezvinhu zvipenyu (biocenosis) uye nharaunda yavanogara (habitat kana biotope).
Izvi zvinoreva zvese kune kubatana pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dze zvipenyu inosanganisirwa, senge kuyerera kwesimba uye / kana chinhu chinoitika munzvimbo yepanyama, kunzwisisa maitiro aya se yakarongeka uye inodzosera yakazara.
Hatifanire kusanganisa iyo ecosystem neiyo biome. Izwi rekupedzisira iri rinoshandiswa kureva nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzedunhu kana matunhu epasi, tichifunga mamiriro ekunze, mamiriro ayo uye kuvapo kwayo. mhuka kana muriwo, asi iro rinoshanda seyakaenzana geographic zvikamu. Iyo imwechete biome inogona kuve neakasiyana ecosystems.
Mukati meiyo ecosystem inoitika dzakasiyana trophic (chikafu) ngetani zvakare inonzi nyaya kutapurirana ngetani, sezvo paine dunhu re decomposers(fungi, mabhakitiriya, nezvimwewo), vagadziri(miriwo, zvirimwa, phytoplankton, nezvimwewo) uye vatengi: herbivores (makonzo, zvinomedza, nezvimwewo) uye zvakare zvikara yekutanga uye yechipiri (katsi hombe, shiri dzinodya nyama, canid yemusango, nezvimwewo).
Eecosystem mhando
Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvipenyu zvepasi rose, zvinorongwa zvinoenderana nenzvimbo dzazvinoitika, zvinoti:
- Zvipenyu zvemumvura. Zvinomiririra 75% yezvinhu zvese zviripo ecosystem uye zvinoitika pasi pemvura. Izvi zvinoreva makungwa, makungwa, nzizi, nyanza, uye zvakadzika pasi pemvura niches, senzvimbo yegomba rakadzikadzika. Mhando dzayo dzakasarudzika mumuviri uye nemakemikari anoenderana nemugariro wemumvura, uyo mumamiriro akanaka hauratidze misiyano yakawandisa zvine chekuita netembiricha yayo uye pH (pamwe kunze kwenzvimbo dzinotonhora nedzerima).
- Zvisikwa zvepasi. Izvo zvinoitika kunze kwemvura uye nepamusoro penyika, izvo zvakare zvinoreva misiyano yayo inogona kuitika mukuzorora (makomo, mapani, mipata, magwenga, nezvimwewo), uye izvo zvinomiririra misiyano yakakosha mukushisa, kusangana kweoksijeni nemamiriro ekunze. Misiyano yezvisikwa zviripo mune ino seti yeecosystems yakakura kwazvo, ine huwandu hwakawanda hwezvipembenene uyezve shiri. Vanogona kunge vakapfupikiswa se: renje, páramo, sango, sango uye savanna ecosystems.
- Yakasanganiswa ecosystems. Ndidzo dzinobatanidza midhiya miviri, senge mvura uye ivhu (amphibian) kana mhepo uye ivhu (mhepo). Izvo zvisikwa zvinogara mune izvi ecosystems zvinowanzo famba zvakanyanya mune imwe yevaviri, asi zvinoda kuti imwe izorore, ifudze kana kunyangwe kubereka, zvinoenderana nenyaya chaiyo.
- Microbial ecosystems. Icho chinoreva kune akasiyana akasiyana microscopic zvipenyu zvakare zvine hukama hwekudzokorora munzvimbo yavo yekugara uye akakosha, mukufamba kwenguva, kutsigirwa kwemhando dzakaomarara dzehupenyu.
Hunhu hwevanhu pane zvakasikwa
Ruzivo rwezvakatipoteredza inzvimbo yesainzi yakakosha kwazvo kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza zvipenyu zvepasi, parizvino pasi pekurwiswa nemabasa mazhinji emaindasitiri emunhu. Izvi zviitiko zvine simba rakanangana nesimba uye zvishandiso zvechero system, uye inogadzira shanduko muhuremu hwakakosha hunokosha hunovaratidza.
Iyo kusvibiswakushandiswa kwakanyanya, kutemerwa masango uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze zvinokonzerwa nekufurira kwevanhu panyika, zvinoshandura mukutsakatika, kuwanda kwevanhu, shanduko uye kudzingwa kwehutachiona, hwemhuka uye hwezvirimwa kubva kune avo nzvimbo dzekugara, zvinoreva kuti, mukufamba kwenguva, kurwisa hutano chaihwo hwevanhu.
Mienzaniso yeecosystem
- Coral reef. Ivo ndeimwe yemasisitimu akakura ehupenyu pasi pemvura yepasi, kupi hupenyu hwakavharirwa mukati nekukomberedza makuru macoral zvivakwa izvo zvinoumba zvakasikwa chipingamupinyi. Mhando diki dzinowanda (hove diki, crustaceans, mollusks) dzinotora mukana wehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvekudya uye kuora maitiro, zvichishanda sechikafu chehove hombe.
- Nzvimbo dzakadzika dzegungwa. Aya ndiwo magariro kunyanyisa uye kuderera kuvapo kwemhuka, nekuti kusavapo kwavo kwechiedza hakubvumidze photosynthesis uye nekudaro kana kudyara hupenyu. Mhuka dzemunzvimbo idzi dzakashandura kumanikidziro akakura ezvakatipoteredza uye huwandu hwakaderera hwezvinhu zvinovaka muviri, chigadzirwa chemhuka dzinoshomeka, kuburikidza nematanho anononoka uye mitezo yebiooluminescent kukwezva mhuka. Hakawanda hwehupenyu husingaonekwe uye hunowora hunotsigirwa nemvura yekunaya zvinhu kubva pamusoro, pamwe nekushandiswa kwesimba renyika.
- Masango makuru anopisa. Mahwenga makuru anopisa ekuchamhembe kweAfrica, kupa muenzaniso mumwe, zvine zvisikwa zvakaoma uye zvakanyanya kukura kupfuura zvinotendwa, inoratidzirwa nehuswa hwakashandurwa kusanaya uye tembiricha ine chisimba (kupisa mukati mezuva uye kutonhora husiku), pamwe chete nemhuka dzezvinokambaira, shiri, zvipembenene uye zvipuka zvidiki zvinorarama kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekuburitsa.
- Masango ane hunyoro. Imwe yemapfuma akapfuma kwazvo muzvinhu zvakasikwa inoumbwa nemasango enzvimbo dzinopisa, senge Amazon. Iwo makuru matura ezvese zvirimwa nemhuka hupenyu, akarongeka mumatare emaketani emhando dzakasiyana siyana. Mhuka dzayo dzinogadzikana dzinodya kana kudzora nyoka, semuenzaniso, dzakawandisa nekuwaniswa kwezvipuka, amphibian, shiri, makonzo uye zvipembenene. Iyo yakasvibira uye zvakare yakawanda zvinomera inotora mukana weiyo yakaorera uye ine hunyoro ivhu kubva kune inogara ichinaya, pamwe neyakaora iyo organic chinhu iyo inovhara iyo ivhu (matavi, mashizha, michero, mhuka dzakafa, nezvimwewo).
- Polar ecosystem. Zvichiiswa pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya, nzvimbo dzepolar periphery hadzina dzisina zvipenyu. Antarctica, semuenzaniso, kunyangwe paine shanduko huru mukushisa uye nechiedza chezuva pane mamwe mwaka, ine gungwa rakapfuma muplankton inotsigira kutenderera kwehupenyu hwemumvura hwakagadziriswa kune mvura yechandoSezvikara zvine miviri ine mvere uye dzakakora matete emafuta, dzinogona kukwira mumvura nehove. Mazhinji emhando idzi anohwanda munguva yechando yakaoma, achideredza mashandisiro awo emagetsi kushoma, kana kutamira kunzvimbo dzinodziya, kuti adzokere pakaipisisa.
- Lotus ecosystems. Izvo zvinoitika pamucheto uye mukati merwizi, hova kana chitubu ndizvo zvinodaidzwa. Ivo vanozivikanwa nekugadzirisa kuyerera kwemvura, iyo inotakura makemikari zvinovaka muviri, zvirimwa uye kunyangwe mhuka dzemhando.
- Lentic ecosystems. Kusiyana nerotiki, iyo lentic iwo hunhu hweyakakura yakavharwa miviri yemvura, isingayerere asi inoramba yakamira kwenguva zhinji: nyanza, madziva, nzizi nenzizi. Hupenyu hwekudyara hunowanda mukati mawo, zvichipiwa kuvapo kwavo kwakakwirira kwezvinhu zvinokwanisa kugadzirwa uye zvisikwa, pamwe nekunyorovera kwemamiriro ekunze uye humhutu hwezvakatipoteredza.. Wader uye amphibians zvinowanda mumhuka.
- Gomo refu. Tichifunga nezvekuzorora kwazvo, izvo zvinogona kureva kudzikira kwakanyanya kweoksijeni uye kuratidzwa kukuru kumwaranzi yeultraviolet, zvinomera pazvikwiriso izvi zvinowanzo kuve zvishoma uye pazvinonyanya kuve nemakwenzi kana huswa. Mhuka idzi zvipembenene zvakanyanya, pamwe nezvinokambaira neshiri dzinotora mukana wekubhururuka kwadzo kunodya.
- Savannah. Muenzaniso wakanaka wesavana mapani makuru eAfrica, uko kusamira kusanaya kunobvumira chete hupenyu hwepasi-hwekurara hwemiti, asi mhuka huru dzinokambaira (antelope, nyati, nezvimwewo), dzinodyiwa nekitsi uye canine ehukuru hwakanaka (shumba, hanga, nezvimwewo).
- Masango anotonhora kana coniferous. Mumasango aya emamiriro ekunze anotonhora uye akanyorova kuwanda kwehupenyu hwezvirimwa kunotendera kuwanda kwemaketani trophic akachinjaniswa nehupenyu hwepanyika kana mumakorona akakwirira emiti., iyo inogona kupfuura 10m. Iyo mhuka inoratidzwa neakakora-vhudzi mhuka (mapere, mhumhi, stoats), zvipembenene, makonzo uye shiri.
- Inogona kukushandira: Mienzaniso yeHabitat uye Ecological Niche
