Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri

Zvemukati

• Zvinokonzera Hondo Yenyika II
• Mhedzisiro yeHondo Yenyika II

Iyo Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yaive gakava rezvematongerwo enyika nevemauto pamwero wepasirese wakaitika pakati 1939 na1945, umo nyika zhinji dzenyika dzakabatanidzwa uye dzinomiririra chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshungurudza uye zvakakosha munhoroondo nemagariro ezana ramakore rechi20, zvichipiwa nyika yeHondo Yese (zvachose hupfumi, magariro nemauto kuzvipira kwenyika) inofungidzirwa ne mativi ese akabatanidzwa.

Kunetsana zvakadhura hupenyu hwevanhu vari pakati pemamirioni makumi mashanu nemakumi manomwe, vese vanhuwo zvavo nemauto, pamamiriyoni makumi maviri nematanhatu aive eUSSR (uye mamirioni mapfumbamwe aive mauto). Imwe nyaya inoumbwa nemamirioni avanhu akaurayiwa mumisasa yevasungwa uye yekuparadza, yakaiswa pasi pehunhu hwehupenyu kana kutarisirwa kwechiremba nekemikari, senge maJuda angangoita mamirioni matanhatu vakaparadzwa nehutongi hweGerman National Socialist. Iyo yekupedzisira yakanzi Holocaust.

Kune izvi inofanirwa kuwedzerwa kufa kwakawanda kwakakonzerwa nemhedzisiro yezvehupfumi yekukonana kwakakonzera pasireseSenge nzara iri muBangal iyo yakatora hupenyu hwevanhu vanosvika mamirioni mana maIndia, uye ayo anowanzo kufuratirwa nenhoroondo yepamutemo yekukonana, vane huwandu hwevakafa hunogona kuve vangangosvika vanhu vane mamirioni zana.

Mativi akatarisana panguva yehondo aive maviri: iwo Nyika dzakabatana, inotungamirwa neFrance, England, United States neSoviet Union; uye iyo Masimba eAxis, inotungamirwa neGerman, Italy neFrance. Nyika dzekupedzisira idzi ndidzo dzaiumba inonzi Berlin-Roma-Tokyo axis..

Zvinokonzera Hondo Yenyika II

Zvinokonzera kukonana zvakasiyana uye zvakaomarara, asi zvinogona kupfupiswa se:

1. Iwo mazwi echibvumirano cheVersailles. Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, chibvumirano chisina mvumo chekuzvipira pamitemo inodzvinyirira chakamisikidzwa kuGerman, izvo zvakatadzisa nyika yakaparadzwa kuve neuto zvakare, kukunda kutonga kwemakoloni ayo eAfrica, uye kumanikidza chikwereti chisingakundiki kuUnited States. Izvi zvaive zvaburitsa kuraswa kwakakurumbira uye dzidziso yekuti nyika yakabayiwa kumusana uye yaive pasi pesimba remasimba ekunze seUSSR.

1. Kuonekwa kwaAdolf Hitler nevamwe vatungamiriri vanokwezva. Vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika ava vaiziva nzira yekushandisa kusagutsikana kwakakurumbira uye kuvaka mafambiro ehurudzi, avo vaive nechinangwa chikuru chekudzoreredza hukuru hwepasirese kuburikidza neuto rezvematongerwo enyika, kuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzenyika pamwe nekugadzwa kwehutongi hwehutongi (bato rakasarudzika). Iyi ndiyo nyaya yeGerman National Socialist Workers Party (Nazi), kana iyo Italian Fascio inotungamirwa naBenito Mussolini.

1. Kuderera Kukuru kwema1930. Dambudziko repasi rose rezvemari, iro rakanyanya kukanganisa nyika dzeEurope dzakarwiswa neHondo Huru (Hondo Yenyika I), zvakaita kuti nyika dzishushikane dzidzivise kukwira kwefascism uye kuparara kwehutongi hwejekerere. Uye zvakare, yakasimudzira zvakanyanya vanhu veEuropean kune mamiriro ekusava netariro izvo zvaikonzera kubuda kwezvikumbiro zvakanyanyisa.

1. Hondo yeSpanish Yenyika (1936-1939). Kurwa kweropa kweSpain kwakadeura ropa kwakapindira nyika yeGerman National Socialist mukutsigira mauto emadzimambo aFrancisco Franco, mukutyora kwakasimba zvibvumirano zvepasi rese zvekusapindira, panguva imwechete zvakashanda seuchapupu hwechangobva kutangwa Luftwaffe ChiGerman (avhiyesheni), uye seuchapupu hwekutya kwenyika dzakabatana, izvo zvakamisa mhirizhonga iri kuuya kumucheto wekupusa uye iyo ichiri kukurudzira kushinga kwechiGerman.

1. Sino-chiJapan kukakavara. Mushure mekutanga Sino-maJapan Hondo (1894-1895), makakatanwa pakati pesimba rinokwira reAsia reJapan nemaguta akapikisana nawo seChina neUSSR aigara aripo. Humambo hwaHiro Hito wakatora mukana muna 1932 mamiriro eutera umo Hondo yeVanhu pakati pemakominisiti nemaRepublican akange abva kuChina, kutanga Hondo yeChipiri yeSino neJapan ndokutora Manchuria. Uku kwaizove kutanga kwekuwedzera kweJapan (kunyanya muAsia Minor), izvo zvaizotungamira mukubhomba kwenzvimbo yeNorth America Pearl Harbor nekupinda zviri pamutemo kweUnited States muhondo.

1. Kupinda kweGerman kwePoland. Mushure mekubata nerunyararo Austria neSudeten maGerman muCzechoslovakia, hurumende yeGerman yakaita chibvumirano neUSSR yekukamura dunhu rePoland. Zvisinei nekushinga kwemauto kwakapihwa nenyika iyi yekumabvazuva kweEuropean, mauto eGerman akaiisa kuGerman III Reich ichangotanga munaGunyana 1, 1939, zvichikonzera kuziviswa kwehondo neFrance neUnited Kingdom, zvichitanga kurwa.

Mhedzisiro yeHondo Yenyika II

Nepo hondo yega yega ichive nemhedzisiro yakaipisisa pahuwandu hwenyika dzakabatanidzwa, idzo dzeChipiri Hondo Yenyika dzainyanya kutyisa uye nenhoroondo.

1. Kunenge kuparadzwa zvachose kweEurope. Kuputika kwakakura uye kunoparadza kwemaguta eEurope nemativi ese, sekutanga blitzkrieg ChiGerman (blitzkrieg) yakawedzera kutonga kweiyo axis hafu yepasi, uye mushure mekunge vabatsiri vasunungura nharaunda, zvaireva kuparadzwa kwakazara kwepaki yemaguta eEurope, iyo yakazoda mari hombe yezvehupfumi kuti ivakezve zvishoma nezvishoma. Imwe yeaya manyuko ezvehupfumi yaive iyo inonzi Marshall Plan yakataurwa neUnited States.

1. Kutanga kwe bipolar world landscape. Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakasiya masimba eEuropean, maAllies neAxis, asisina simba zvekuti vezvematongerwo enyika vakapfuura mumaoko evasimba mbiri dzinorwisa: United States neSoviet Union. Vaviri vakabva vatanga kukwikwidza simba rehurongwa hwehurumende yavo, capitalist necommunist zvakateerana, pamusoro penyika dzese, nokudaro zvichipa Hondo Yemashoko.

1. Chikamu cheGerman. Kudzora kwenyika dzakabatana pamusoro penzvimbo yeGerman kwaikonzerwa nekuparadzaniswa kwepfungwa pakati peUnited States nemubatanidzwa weEuropean, neUSSR. Nekudaro, nyika yakakamurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuita nyika mbiri dzakasiyana: iyo German Federal Republic, capitalist uye pasi pehutongi hweEurope, neGerman Democratic Republic, komunisiti uye pasi pehutongi hweSoviet. Chikamu ichi chaizivikanwa zvakanyanya muguta reBerlin, umo madziro akavakwa kupatsanura mahafu maviri uye kudzivirira kutiza kwevagari kubva kumakomunisti kuenda kunharaunda yemaguta, uye kwakagara kusvika zuva reGerman Reunification muna 1991.

1. Kutanga kwekutyisa kwehondo yeatomiki. Kubhomba kweatomu kweHiroshima neNagasaki nemauto eUS, njodzi yakakonzera kuzvipira kusingabvumirwe kweJapan mazuva mashoma gare gare, kwakaburitsa kutya kwehondo yeatomu iyo yaizoita Hondo Yemashoko. Kuuraya uku kwaizove, pamwe nenjodzi yeChernobyl muna 1986, njodzi yakaipisisa munhoroondo yevanhu inosanganisira simba reatomiki.

1. Kutanga uzivi wekuora mwoyo kweEurope. Iko kubvunzurudza kunodzokororwa mukati memakore akaomarara epashure pehondo nevadzidzi veEuropean nezve maratidziro akaita kukakavara kwehukuru hwakadai uye husina hunhu. Izvi zvakatungamira mukuzvarwa kwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye kusava netariro, izvo zvakadenha rutendo rwekusimudzira mukufunga nekufambira mberi.

1. Gare gare hondo. Simba remagetsi rakasiiwa kupera kwemakakatanwa rakatungamira mukukonana pakati peFrance nemazhinji emakoloni eAsia, ayo airatidzira kufamba kwakanyanya kwekuparadzanisa. Hondo dzevagari vemo dzakapindawo muGirisi neTurkey nezvikonzero zvakafanana.

1. Nyika nyowani yepamutemo uye yekudyidzana kurongeka. Mushure mekupera kwehondo, United Nations (UN) yakasikwa semutsivi weChinzwano cheMarudzi chiripo, uye chakapihwa basa rekudzivirira kunetsana kunotevera kwehukuru hwakadai, kubheja kuburikidza nenzira dzezvematongerwo enyika uye kururamisira kwenyika dzese.

1. Kutanga kwekudzora. Kurasikirwa kwesimba rezvematongerwo enyika reEuropean uye simba zvakakonzera kurasika kwekutonga pamusoro penzvimbo dzayo muTatu World, zvichidaro zvichibvumira kutanga kwenzira dzakawanda dzekusununguka uye kupera kwekutonga kwenyika yeEuropean.