Mafuta

Zvemukati

• Mhando dzemafuta
• Unhu hwemafuta
• Mienzaniso yemafuta

Inodaidzwa mafuta kune zvese zvinhu zvinokanganisa maitiro e oxidation masimba masimba anoburitsa huwandu hwesimba rekupisa (kunetseka), kazhinji achiburitsa carbon dioxide (CO₂) uye mamwe makemikari makomputa semarara. Aya maitiro anozivikanwa sekupisa uye anopindura kune fomula:

mafuta + oxidizer = zvigadzirwa + simba

• Iyo mafuta saka,zvinobata moto zvinhu, zvine macaloric kugona zvinowanzoitikazvinoshandiswa nemurume kupisa dzimba dzako, kubika chikafu chako, uye kunyangwe kuburitsa magetsi (semagetsi magetsi) kana kufamba (sekune injini dzemoto dzemukati).
• Iyooxidizers, kune rimwe divi, ndizvo zvinhu kana nzira dzinokwanisa kusimudzira maitiro emoto. Iwo anonyanya ane simba maokisijeni.

Mhando dzemafuta

Kune nzira dzakasiyana dzemafuta uye nzira dzakasiyana dzekuzvipatsanura, asi pakati pezvose zvingangonyanya kukosha kurangarira bumbiro remakemikari, anoti:

• Mafuta ezvicherwa. Ndezve simbi uye zvinhu zvakawanikwa kubva kune zvakasikwa uye zvinokanganiswa nemoto pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo kana kunyangwe mune mamwe mamiriro, senge ezvimwe simbi zvinogadzira murazvo pasina hupo hwe oxygen.
• Mafuta emafuta. Inosanganisira maketani marefu e hydrocarbon ye organic mavambo, ayo, achiiswa pasi pekumanikidzwa kwenzvimbo uye sedimentation vanova zvinhu zvine simba rakakwira caloric, senge mafuta kana marasha.
• Fusion mafuta. Izvi ndizvo zvakasikwa kana kuti zvinogadzirwa zvine radioactive zvinhu, izvo zvinoburitswa zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira maatomu emaketani ane simba rakakura rekushushikana, senge izvo zvinoitika mubhomba reatomu.
• Biofuels. Izvi zvinhu zvinotsva zvakawanikwa kubva mukugadzirisa uye kuvirisa kweanaerobic ye tsvina yemarara, Kuti vagadzire zvidhakwa kana ma ether ehukama hwekoriori asi yakaderera kwazvo mutengo wekugadzira.
• Mafuta echisikigo. Ndezve mafuta, maOiri nezvimwe zvinhu zvine mavambo ehupenyu ane hunhu hunobvumira kuvesa pasi pemamwe mamiriro uye atinowanzoshandisa mukicheni.

Unhu hwemafuta

Mafuta ane akateedzana emakemikari akasiyana anoratidza iwo chaiwo masisitimu uye kwaanodzidziswa, senge:

• Kuchenesa simba. Iko kupisa kwekupisa kugona kwemafuta, ndiko kuti, ayo mashandiro mashandiro panguva yemoto.
• Kupisa kupisa. Iyo poindi yekupisa uye kumanikidza kunodiwa kuti kuve nemoto kana murazvo kuti zviitike mune nyaya, pasina chikonzero chekuwedzera humwe kupisa kuti uenderere mberi.
• Kuwandisa uye viscosity. Hunhu hwechinhu chinotsva chinoratidza hunyoro hwacho neicho kuwandandiko kuti, huremu hwese hwechinhu zvinoenderana neuwandu hwacho uye mwero wekubatana pakati pezvikamu zvacho kana kumiswa kwezvakasimba zvirimo.
• Hunyoro zvemukati. Inotsanangura chiyero chemvura chiripo mumafuta.

Mienzaniso yemafuta

1. Marasha. Marasha ndeimwe yemhando dzekabhoni mune zvakasikwa, pamwe ne graphite nemadhaimani: kusangana kwe maatomu chechinhu ichi, asi chakarongedzwa nenzira yakasiyana, zvekuti vamwe vanodzivirira kupfuura vamwe uye vane akasiyana epanyama uye emakemikari zvivakwa. Panyaya yemaminera emarasha, ibwe dema rinopfuta moto uye sedimentary, nekuda kwezvakawedzerwa mune hydrogen, sarufa nezvimwe zvinhu.
2. Wood. Yakagadzirwa neselulose uye lignin, yakavanzwa nehunde yemiti, huni inokura gore rimwe nerimwe muhurongwa hwemhete dzakatenderedza. Icho chave chiri quintessential mafuta chinhu chemavheni, nzvimbo dzemoto uye zvimwe kubvira panguva dzekare, sezvo ichipisa zviri nyore uye inogadzira embers (yekubika pane iyo grill). Izvi zvakare zvinowanzo kukonzera moto wesango unokwanisa kupedza maturakiti mahombe uye organic zvinhu kuoma.
3. Kerosene. Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare secanfin kana kerex, iri musanganiswa wemvura wehydrocarbon, unotsva uye unowanikwa nemafuta distillation, akatanga kushandiswa muzvitofu nemarambi uye nhasi anoshandiswa sejet peturu (Jet Petrol) uye mukugadzira mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka. Pamwe nekunyungudutsa.
4. Peturu. Chigadzirwa chakanyatsogadziriswa chemafuta emafuta, uyu musanganiswa wemahydrocarbon anowanikwa ne distillation chidimbu (FCC) uye inoshandiswa kumisikidza injini dzemukati dzemoto pasi rese. Iyo ine yakakwira simba kunyatsoshanda maererano nehukuru hwayo uye inosarudzwa zvinoenderana nenhamba yazvino yeoctane kana octane nhamba. Kupisa kwayo, zvisinei, kunoburitsa magasi mazhinji uye zvinhu zvine chepfu kumuchadenga.
5. Doro. Iri zita rinozivikanwa nezvinhu zvakasikwa zvinoumbwa neboka rehydroxyl (-OH) rakabatana zvine mutsindo neatomu yekabhoni yakazara. Izvo zvinhu zvakajairika mune zvakasikwa uye zvinogadzirwa semhedzisiro yeiyo kuvirisa organic shuga. Iwo chaiwo emakemikari zvivakwa zvinovaita iwo akanaka solvents, mafuta uye, mune chaiyo kesi ye ethanol, chinhu chemweya mizhinji.
6. Gasi rechisikigo. Natural gasi ndeye zvisaririra mafuta chigadzirwa chemusanganiswa wakareruka wemagasi mahydrocarbon anowanikwa munzvimbo dzepasi pevhu kana achiperekedza marasha kana mafuta emari mune zvakasikwa. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kumisikidza injini dzemoto, kudziyisa kwemuguta uye magetsi magetsi.
7. Mafuta ekubikisa. Iyi organic organic inowanikwa kubva pambeu, michero uye madzinde emiti mune ayo matishu ayo yaigadzirwa, senge sunflower, olive kana chibage. Iyo inoumbwa, senge yakawanda mafuta acids, yeatatu fatty acids akabatana neglycerin molecule, ndosaka ichishandiswa sekudya -kubika-, kugadzira sipo nezvimwe zvigadzirwa, uye kunyangwe se biofuel mune yakasanganiswa kana yakashandurwa mota.
8. Benzene. Iyi inonhuhwirira yehydrocarbon yemakemikari fomula C₆H₆, ane maatomu ecarbon anogara mumatanho ehekisoni yenguva dzose, ane mvura isingaite ruvara uye inogona kutsva, carcinogenic uye ine hwema hunotapira. Iyo ingangodaro iri kemikari inogadzirwa kwazvo pasi, nekuti zvakakosha kugadzira mamwe mahydrocarbon uye makemikari makemikari, mukuwedzera pakuve yakakosha chikamu cheakawanda mota mafuta uye zvinonyungudutsa.
9. Magnesium. Chemical element ine mucherechedzo Mg, wechinomwe muhuwandu hwepasi uye wechitatu pakati peavo akanyungudutswa mumvura yegungwa. Iyo yakakosha ion yemarudzi ese ehupenyu, kunyangwe iyi simbi isingambove yakachena muchimiro. Inopisa zvikuru, kunyanya muchimiro machipisi kana guruva, ichiburitsa mwenje wakachena wakachena waiwanzoshandiswa mumazuva ekutanga ekutora mifananidzo. Nekudaro, kana yangotendeuka zvinonetsa kudzima, zvichipiwa reactivity yayo ne nitrogen neC.₂ yemuchadenga.
10. Propane. Gasi risina ruvara, risina hwema nemakemikari fomura C₃H₈, iyo ine simba rakakura uye kuputika kunoita kuti ive yakanaka, pamwe ne butane gasi (C₄H₁₀), Kumagetsi emagetsi, zvitofu nedzimwe nharaunda dzemumba, sezvo tembiricha yemukati iri inert uye nekudaro yakachengeteka. Ose ari maviri anowanikwa kubva pamatanho akasiyana ekuchenesa oiri uye pamwe chete iwo anoumba magasi mazhinji anopisa mukushandisa kwese kwekutengeserana nhasi (gasi rakanyungudutswa) mumakaturu nemakarafi.